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Sandbox Fusion Tool Integration

docs/sglang_multiturn/sandbox_fusion.rst

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=============================== Sandbox Fusion Tool Integration

Last updated: 06/10/2025.

Motivations

  • As users of verl, we want to allow the model to call certain tools during Actor rollout, incorporating the results into the training process.
  • A colleague from ByteDance proposed a paper aimed at enhancing model capability through code execution tools.
  • We aim to support tool-calling capabilities of inference engines using sandbox-fusion as the code execution system, providing the community with a reimplementation of retools.

Reward Compute with Sandbox Fusion + FaaS Integration

  • In current datasets and tasks, similar work already exists (e.g., Prime), which uses local processes as runners to execute model-generated code for reward computation.
  • On this basis, #1429 has advanced the design by integrating FaaS as the runner for reward computation.

Goals

  • Adapt to the sglang tool-calling protocol and define tools for sandbox fusion.
  • Integrate with the async-rollout process, ensuring sandbox fusion tools follow asyncIO conventions.
  • Design and implement a basic rate limiter to prevent issues such as 429 errors.

Non-Goals

  • Training effectiveness is out of scope.
  • Observability metrics are not considered.
  • Distributed failover and component fault tolerance are not addressed.

Design Details

Tool Schema Definition

  • Currently, only code execution is considered, requiring a code field in the JSON from the model.
  • Only Python code is supported for now, so no language parameter is defined.

.. code-block:: python

OpenAIFunctionToolSchema( type="function", function=OpenAIFunctionSchema( name="code_interpreter", description="A tool for executing code.", parameters=OpenAIFunctionParametersSchema( type="object", properties={ "code": OpenAIFunctionPropertySchema( type="string", description="The code to execute.", enum=None, ) }, required=["code"], ), strict=False, ) )

Configuration Parameters

+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Parameter Name | Description | +============================+==============================================================+ | num_workers | Number of worker threads/processes per DP to request runner. | +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | rate_limit | Global limit of concurrent code executions. Default: 10 | +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | default_timeout | Timeout (in seconds) for each code execution. Default: 30 | +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | default_language | Default programming language. Default: "python" | +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | enable_global_rate_limit | Whether to enable global rate limiting. Default: True | +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | sandbox_fusion_url | URL for the veFaas sandbox execution service | +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+

Rate Limiting Design

Objective:

  • Limit the number of inflight requests using a token bucket model.

  • Ensure ordered submission to code runners to avoid starvation due to backoff.

Design Highlights:

  • Use Ray Global Actor as a singleton distributed counter at cluster level.

  • Semaphore used for counting, with acquire and release in separate thread pools to preserve order.

  • Use Ray’s cloud-pickle to serialize functions for decoupled ExecutionWorker.

.. code-block:: python

@ray.remote(concurrency_groups={"acquire": 1,"release": 10}) class TokenBucketWorker: def init(self, rate_limit: int): self.rate_limit = rate_limit self.current_count = 0 self._semaphore = threading.Semaphore(rate_limit)

   @ray.method(concurrency_group="acquire")
   def acquire(self):
       self._semaphore.acquire()
       self.current_count += 1

   @ray.method(concurrency_group="release")
   def release(self):
       self._semaphore.release()
       self.current_count -= 1

   def get_current_count(self):
       return self.current_count

class ExecutionWorker: def init(self, enable_global_rate_limit=True, rate_limit=10): self.rate_limit_worker = self._init_rate_limit(rate_limit) if enable_global_rate_limit else None

   def _init_rate_limit(self, rate_limit):
       return TokenBucketWorker.options(name="rate-limiter", get_if_exists=True).remote(rate_limit)

   def execute(self, fn: Callable[..., T], *fn_args, **fn_kwargs) -> T:
       with ExitStack() as stack:
           stack.callback(self.rate_limit_worker.release.remote)
           ray.get(self.rate_limit_worker.acquire.remote())
           try:
               return fn(*fn_args, **fn_kwargs)
           except Exception as e:
               logger.warning(f"Error when executing code: {e}")

def init_execution_pool(num_workers: int, enable_global_rate_limit=True, rate_limit=10, mode: PoolMode=PoolMode.ThreadMode): if mode == PoolMode.ThreadMode: return ray.remote(ExecutionWorker).options(max_concurrency=num_workers).remote( enable_global_rate_limit=enable_global_rate_limit, rate_limit=rate_limit ) else: raise NotImplementedError("Process mode is not implemented yet")

Tool Implementation

  • Use instance_id to identify requests across multiple dialogue rounds.

  • Use execution_pool to implement async invocation.

  • Cleanup state after rollout completion.

.. code-block:: python

class SandboxFusionTool(BaseTool): def init(self, config: dict, tool_schema: OpenAIFunctionToolSchema): ... self.execution_pool = init_execution_pool(...) ...

   async def create(self, instance_id: Optional[str] = None, ...):
       ...

    async def execute(self, instance_id: str, parameters: dict[str, Any], **kwargs) -> Tuple[str, float, dict]:
        code = parameters.get("code", "")
        timeout = parameters.get("timeout", self.default_timeout)
        language = parameters.get("language", self.default_language)
        if not isinstance(code, str):
            code = str(code)

        result = await self.execution_pool.execute.remote(self.execute_code,instance_id,code,timeout,language)
        self._instance_dict[instance_id]["reward"].append(result.strip())

        return result, result, {}

    def execute_code(self,instance_id,code,timeout=30,language="python"):
        result_status, metadata  = _process_single_case(0, None, None,self.sandbox_fusion_url, code, timeout, language)
        # we should always expect this since we don't have correct answer
        if metadata["run_status"] == "Finished":
            actual_output = metadata["stdout"] if metadata["stdout"] is not None else ""
            return actual_output
        else:
            return "no stdout here"

   async def calc_reward(self, instance_id: str, ...):
       ...

   async def release(self, instance_id: str, ...):
       ...

Test Plan

Unit Tests

  • test_tools_registration: Test tool registration and initialization.
  • test_rollout_req_creation: Validate that AsyncRolloutReq is built correctly.
  • test_over_size_case: Ensure rollout terminates early when exceeding max_seq_len.
  • test_tool_call_basic_case: Mock sglang output, validate tool call and result.
  • test_tool_call_batch_case: Test batch processing of tool calls.
  • test_basic_multi_process_init: Validate Ray global actor behaves as singleton.
  • TestSingleNodeRateLimiterCase: Verify rate limiter works in single-node mode.
  • test_rotten_execution: Ensure rate limiter recovers from function errors.
  • TestMultiNodeRateLimiterCase: Verify behavior in multi-node environments.

e2e Tests

we provide e2e test scripts in tests/special_e2e folder, named tests/special_e2e/run_gsm8k_fsdp_sgl_multiturn_sf_tool.sh

by setting 'trainer.rollout_data_dir' you can dump the rollout data to local disk. here is an sample taken from the rollout data:

.. code-block:: python

{ "input": "

 system\nYou are a math expert. You are given a question and you need to solve it step by step. Reasoning step by step before any tool call. You should use the `calc_gsm8k_reward` tool after step by step solving the question, before generate final answer at least once and refine your answer if necessary. Put your final answer in the format of `#### <answer>`.\n\n# Tools\n\nYou may call one or more functions to assist with the user query.\n\nYou are provided with function signatures within <tools></tools> XML tags:\n<tools>\n{\"type\": \"function\", \"function\": {\"name\": \"code_interpreter\", \"description\": \"A tool for executing code.\", \"parameters\": {\"type\": \"object\", \"properties\": {\"code\": {\"type\": \"string\", \"description\": \"The code to execute.\", \"enum\": null}}, \"required\": [\"code\"]}, \"strict\": false}}\n</tools>\n\nFor each function call, return a json object with function name and arguments within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags:\n<tool_call>\n{\"name\": <function-name>, \"arguments\": <args-json-object>}\n</tool_call>\n
 
 user\nJohn gets a bonus that's the same percentage every year.  Last year he made $100,000 and got a $10,000 bonus.  This year he makes $200,000.  How much will John make this year when adding both his total pay and bonus together? Let's think step by step and output the final answer after `####`.\n
 
 assistant\n",
 "output": "assistant\n<think>\nOkay, let's see. John gets a bonus that's the same percentage every year. Last year, he made $100,000 and got a $10,000 bonus. This year, he makes $200,000. The question is asking how much he'll make this year when adding both his total pay and bonus together.\n\nFirst, I need to figure out the percentage bonus he gets. Since the bonus is the same percentage each year, if I can find that percentage based on last year's details, I can apply it to this year's earnings to find this year's bonus. Then, I'll add that bonus to his total pay this year.\n\nLast year, he earned $100,000 and got a $10,000 bonus. To find the percentage, I can divide the bonus by his total earnings. So, 10,000 divided by 100,000. Let me calculate that.\n\n10,000 / 100,000 equals 0.1, which is 10% as a percentage. So, his bonus is 10% of his pay each year.\n\nThis year, he makes $200,000. So, the bonus this year would be 10% of 200,000. Let me compute that using the code interpreter to ensure accuracy.\n
 
 <tool_call>\n{\"name\": \"code_interpreter\", \"arguments\": {\"code\": \"total_pay_this_year = 200000\\nbonus_percentage = 10 / 100\\nbonus_this_year = total_pay_this_year * bonus_percentage\\ntotal_income_this_year = total_pay_this_year + bonus_this_year\\nprint(total_income_this_year)\", \"executes\": \"True\"}}\n</tool_call>\n
 
 tool\n220000.0\n\n
 
 assistant\n<think>\nSo the code shows that John's total income this year would be $220,000. This is consistent with the 10% bonus on last year's pay of $100,000, which was $10,000. Therefore, this year's bonus of $20,000 added to his total pay of $200,000 results in a total income of $220,000.\n\nI need to verify that there are no other factors at play. The problem states it's a constant percentage bonus each year, so there's no mention of changing percentages or other variables. Therefore, applying a straightforward percentage of 10% on this year's partial salary amount would result in $20,000. Adding that to his total pay gives $220,000. The calculation is correct and aligns with the question's parameters.\n</think>\n\n#### 220000.0",
 "score": 0,
 "step": 1

}

here is the readable format version:

.. code-block:: python

[system]

You are a math expert. You are given a question and you need to solve it step by step. Reasoning step by step before any tool call. You should use the calc_gsm8k_reward tool after step by step solving the question, before generate final answer at least once and refine your answer if necessary. Put your final answer in the format of #### <answer>.

Tools

You may call one or more functions to assist with the user query.

You are provided with function signatures within <tools></tools> XML tags: <tools> {"type": "function", "function": {"name": "code_interpreter", "description": "A tool for executing code.", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"code": {"type": "string", "description": "The code to execute.", "enum": null}}, "required": ["code"]}, "strict": false}} </tools>

For each function call, return a json object with function name and arguments within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags: <tool_call> {"name": <function-name>, "arguments": <args-json-object>} </tool_call>

[user]

John gets a bonus that's the same percentage every year. Last year he made $100,000 and got a $10,000 bonus. This year he makes $200,000. How much will John make this year when adding both his total pay and bonus together? Let's think step by step and output the final answer after ####.

[assistant]

<think> Okay, let's see. John gets a bonus that's the same percentage every year. Last year, he made $100,000 and got a $10,000 bonus. This year, he makes $200,000. The question is asking how much he'll make this year when adding both his total pay and bonus together.

First, I need to figure out the percentage bonus he gets. Since the bonus is the same percentage each year, if I can find that percentage based on last year's details, I can apply it to this year's earnings to find this year's bonus. Then, I'll add that bonus to his total pay this year.

Last year, he earned $100,000 and got a $10,000 bonus. To find the percentage, I can divide the bonus by his total earnings. So, 10,000 divided by 100,000. Let me calculate that.

10,000 / 100,000 equals 0.1, which is 10% as a percentage. So, his bonus is 10% of his pay each year.

This year, he makes $200,000. So, the bonus this year would be 10% of 200,000. Let me compute that using the code interpreter to ensure accuracy. <tool_call> {"name": "code_interpreter", "arguments": {"code": "total_pay_this_year = 200000\nbonus_percentage = 10 / 100\nbonus_this_year = total_pay_this_year * bonus_percentage\ntotal_income_this_year = total_pay_this_year + bonus_this_year\nprint(total_income_this_year)", "executes": "True"}} </tool_call>

[tool]

220000.0

[assistant]

<think> So the code shows that John's total income this year would be $220,000. This is consistent with the 10% bonus on last year's pay of $100,000, which was $10,000. Therefore, this year's bonus of $20,000 added to his total pay of $200,000 results in a total income of $220,000.

I need to verify that there are no other factors at play. The problem states it's a constant percentage bonus each year, so there's no mention of changing percentages or other variables. Therefore, applying a straightforward percentage of 10% on this year's partial salary amount would result in $20,000. Adding that to his total pay gives $220,000. The calculation is correct and aligns with the question's parameters. </think>

220000.0

You can also use the RolloutViewer TUI tool to view the dumped rollout data:

.. code-block:: bash

python scripts/rollout_viewer.py ${trainer.rollout_data_dir}

.. image:: https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/e34e5157-2880-4a21-afb2-73885d0dfb11 :alt: RolloutViewer screenshot