Turso SQLite Compatibility

Turso is a re-implementation of SQLite in Rust. This document describes the current state of compatibility between the two. Any deviation from SQLite behavior that is not explicitly documented as an opt-in extension is considered a bug.

Compatibility is validated through differential testing against SQLite and ongoing work to pass the full SQLite TCL test suite.

Table of contents

• Turso SQLite Compatibility
  • Table of contents
  • Guarantees
  • Overview
    • Features
    • Limitations
  • SQLite query language
    • Statements
      • PRAGMA
    • Expressions
    • SQL functions
      • Scalar functions
      • Mathematical functions
      • Aggregate functions
      • Date and time functions
      • JSON functions
  • SQLite C API
    • Database Connection
    • Prepared Statements
    • Binding Parameters
    • Result Columns
    • Result Values
    • Error Handling
    • Changes and Row IDs
    • Memory Management
    • Callback Functions
    • User-Defined Functions
    • Collation Functions
    • Backup API
    • BLOB I/O
    • WAL Functions
    • Utility Functions
    • Table Metadata
    • Virtual Tables
    • Loadable Extensions
    • Serialization
    • Miscellaneous
    • Turso-specific Extensions
  • SQLite VDBE opcodes
  • SQLite journaling modes
  • Extensions
    • UUID
    • regexp
    • Vector
    • Time
    • Full-Text Search (FTS)
    • CSV
    • Percentile
    • Table-Valued Functions
    • Internal Virtual Tables

Guarantees

1. You should always be able to go back to SQLite if you want to.
2. You should be able to access a database created with SQLite in Turso.
3. You need to opt in to any incompatible Turso feature, but even then we provide a migration path back to SQLite when possible.
4. We don't support mixed SQLite and Turso in multi-process scenarios.

Overview

Features

• ✅ SQLite file format is fully supported
• 🚧 SQLite query language [status] is partially supported
• 🚧 SQLite C API [status] is partially supported

SQLite query language

Statements

Statement	Status	Comment
ALTER TABLE	✅ Yes
ANALYZE	✅ Yes
ATTACH DATABASE	✅ Yes
BEGIN TRANSACTION	✅ Yes
COMMIT TRANSACTION	✅ Yes
CHECK	✅ Yes
CREATE INDEX	✅ Yes
CREATE TABLE	✅ Yes
CREATE TABLE ... STRICT	✅ Yes
CREATE TRIGGER	✅ Yes
CREATE VIEW	✅ Yes
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE	✅ Yes
DELETE	✅ Yes
DETACH DATABASE	✅ Yes
DROP INDEX	✅ Yes
DROP TABLE	✅ Yes
DROP TRIGGER	✅ Yes
DROP VIEW	✅ Yes
END TRANSACTION	✅ Yes
EXPLAIN	✅ Yes
INDEXED BY	✅ Yes
INSERT	✅ Yes
INSERT ... ON CONFLICT (UPSERT)	✅ Yes
ON CONFLICT clause	✅ Yes
REINDEX	✅ Yes
RELEASE SAVEPOINT	✅ Yes
REPLACE	✅ Yes
RETURNING clause	✅ Yes
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION	✅ Yes
SAVEPOINT	✅ Yes
SELECT	✅ Yes
SELECT ... WHERE	✅ Yes
SELECT ... WHERE ... LIKE	✅ Yes
SELECT ... LIMIT	✅ Yes
SELECT ... ORDER BY	✅ Yes
SELECT ... GROUP BY	✅ Yes
SELECT ... HAVING	✅ Yes
SELECT ... JOIN	✅ Yes
SELECT ... CROSS JOIN	✅ Yes
SELECT ... INNER JOIN	✅ Yes
SELECT ... OUTER JOIN	✅ Yes
SELECT ... JOIN USING	✅ Yes
SELECT ... NATURAL JOIN	✅ Yes
UPDATE	✅ Yes
VACUUM	🚧 Partial	VACUUM INTO supported; plain in-place VACUUM is experimental
WITH clause	🚧 Partial	WITH RECURSIVE not yet supported.
WINDOW functions	🚧 Partial	Only row_number() and aggregate … OVER (…) work. Missing: rank, dense_rank, percent_rank, cume_dist, ntile, lag, lead, first_value, last_value, nth_value. Custom frame specs (ROWS/RANGE/GROUPS BETWEEN, EXCLUDE) not yet supported. agg(…) FILTER (…) OVER (…) panics.
GENERATED	🚧 Partial	virtual columns only (no ALTER, partial affinity support). Requires --experimental-generated-columns.
WITHOUT ROWID	🚧 Partial	Requires --experimental-without-rowid. Effectively insert-only: CREATE / INSERT / SELECT work (incl. composite PK), but UPDATE, DELETE, UPSERT, INSERT OR REPLACE, secondary UNIQUE constraints, secondary CREATE INDEX, FOREIGN KEY, CDC, and materialized views are all rejected. AUTOINCREMENT and missing PK rejection are parity with SQLite.
CREATE TRIGGER ... INSTEAD OF	❌ No	Triggers on views are not supported. Currently errors with misleading "no such table" message.
CREATE VIEW IF NOT EXISTS	🚧 Partial	Not idempotent — second create on an existing view errors instead of no-op.

Same-connection write statements

SQLite allows more than one active write statement on the same connection. For example, an application can step one INSERT ... RETURNING, leave it open, and then start another write statement on the same connection.

Turso currently returns SQLITE_BUSY for the second write statement. Reads may still run while a write statement is active.

This is a deliberate compatibility gap. SQLite's built-in write opcodes do not return control to the application halfway through the mutation. Turso can suspend there for async I/O. If a second writer were allowed to start, dropping or resetting the first half-finished writer could not always clean up only that writer without risking the second writer's state. Returning SQLITE_BUSY keeps the connection state simple: finish or reset the active writer first, then start the next write statement.

SAVEPOINT, RELEASE, and ROLLBACK TO also return SQLITE_BUSY while a write statement on the connection is active. SQLite rejects SAVEPOINT and RELEASE the same way ("SQL statements in progress"); for ROLLBACK TO it instead aborts the in-progress statements, which Turso does not support, so Turso rejects that too rather than let a suspended writer resume over pages the rollback just restored.

These same-connection SQLITE_BUSY rejections are errors ("... - SQL statements in progress") that abort the rejected statement: it must be reset or re-executed, not merely stepped again, and the busy handler is never invoked for them. No amount of waiting can release the conflict, because only the application finishing or resetting its own statement can. This matches SQLite, which reports its statements-in-progress rejections as error-class SQLITE_BUSY and reserves the busy handler for lock contention.

If a write statement inside BEGIN is reset or dropped before it finishes and Turso did not open a statement savepoint for it, the transaction becomes rollback-only. A later COMMIT rolls back the whole transaction and returns an error. ROLLBACK also clears that state. This prevents a half-finished statement from being committed after control returned to the application at an async I/O point. Two caveats until then: statements running later in the same transaction can observe the abandoned statement's partial changes (they are undone only when the transaction ends), and ROLLBACK TO a savepoint does not clear the rollback-only marker even if it restored every page the abandoned statement touched — only ROLLBACK recovers the connection.

In experimental MVCC mode there is an additional known gap: all statements on a connection share one MVCC transaction, so a write statement that finishes while a sibling statement is still active defers its commit until the last sibling finishes. SQLite instead commits at the writer's own completion and lets the remaining statements continue on a read-only transaction. Until Turso does the same, a write that reported success is not durable while sibling statements remain active, and it is silently rolled back if the transaction then ends abnormally — for example if the last sibling reader is reset or dropped mid-scan, or a later write statement on the same connection fails after changing rows. Finish or reset sibling statements promptly after writing to avoid this window.

PRAGMA

Statement	Status	Comment
PRAGMA analysis_limit	❌ No
PRAGMA application_id	✅ Yes
PRAGMA auto_vacuum	🚧 Partial	Read works; write requires --experimental-autovacuum
PRAGMA automatic_index	❌ No
PRAGMA busy_timeout	✅ Yes
PRAGMA cache_size	✅ Yes
PRAGMA cache_spill	🚧 Partial	Enabled/Disabled only
PRAGMA case_sensitive_like	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA cell_size_check	❌ No
PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync	❌ No
PRAGMA collation_list	❌ No
PRAGMA compile_options	❌ No
PRAGMA count_changes	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA data_store_directory	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA data_version	❌ No
PRAGMA database_list	✅ Yes
PRAGMA default_cache_size	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys	❌ No
PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA encoding	✅ Yes
PRAGMA foreign_key_check	❌ No
PRAGMA foreign_key_list	✅ Yes
PRAGMA foreign_keys	✅ Yes
PRAGMA freelist_count	✅ Yes
PRAGMA full_column_names	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA fullfsync	✅ Yes
PRAGMA function_list	✅ Yes
PRAGMA hard_heap_limit	❌ No
PRAGMA ignore_check_constraints	✅ Yes
PRAGMA incremental_vacuum	❌ No
PRAGMA index_info	✅ Yes
PRAGMA index_list	✅ Yes
PRAGMA index_xinfo	✅ Yes
PRAGMA integrity_check	✅ Yes
PRAGMA journal_mode	✅ Yes
PRAGMA journal_size_limit	❌ No
PRAGMA legacy_alter_table	❌ No
PRAGMA legacy_file_format	✅ Yes
PRAGMA locking_mode	🚧 Partial	EXCLUSIVE only
PRAGMA max_page_count	✅ Yes
PRAGMA mmap_size	❌ No
PRAGMA module_list	🚧 Partial	Works, but only completion and generate_series are registered modules
PRAGMA optimize	❌ No
PRAGMA page_count	✅ Yes
PRAGMA page_size	✅ Yes
PRAGMA parser_trace	❌ No
PRAGMA pragma_list	✅ Yes
PRAGMA query_only	✅ Yes
PRAGMA quick_check	✅ Yes
PRAGMA read_uncommitted	❌ No
PRAGMA recursive_triggers	❌ No
PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects	❌ No
PRAGMA schema_version	✅ Yes	For writes, emulate defensive mode (always noop)
PRAGMA secure_delete	❌ No
PRAGMA short_column_names	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA shrink_memory	❌ No
PRAGMA soft_heap_limit	❌ No
PRAGMA stats	❌ No	Used for testing in SQLite
PRAGMA synchronous	🚧 Partial	OFF and FULL supported
PRAGMA table_info	✅ Yes
PRAGMA table_list	✅ Yes
PRAGMA table_xinfo	✅ Yes
PRAGMA temp_store	✅ Yes
PRAGMA temp_store_directory	Not Needed	deprecated in SQLite
PRAGMA threads	❌ No
PRAGMA trusted_schema	❌ No
PRAGMA user_version	✅ Yes
PRAGMA vdbe_addoptrace	❌ No
PRAGMA vdbe_debug	❌ No
PRAGMA vdbe_listing	❌ No
PRAGMA vdbe_trace	✅ Yes
PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint	❌ No
PRAGMA wal_checkpoint	🚧 Partial	Not Needed calling with param (pragma-value)
PRAGMA writable_schema	❌ No

Turso-specific PRAGMAs

PRAGMAs that exist only in Turso and have no SQLite equivalent. Visible via PRAGMA pragma_list.

PRAGMA	Comment
PRAGMA capture_data_changes_conn	Configure per-connection Change Data Capture. Returns (mode, table, version); default off.
PRAGMA unstable_capture_data_changes_conn	Unstable alias of capture_data_changes_conn; same shape and behavior, name may change.
PRAGMA cipher	Encryption-at-rest cipher selection (paired with hexkey). Read-only without a session key.
PRAGMA hexkey	Encryption-at-rest key for the current session. Returns "encryption key is not set for this session" when unset.
PRAGMA data_sync_retry	Retry policy for disk sync failures (boolean).
PRAGMA list_types	Introspect Turso's type system. Returns (type, parent, encode, decode, default, operators).
PRAGMA mvcc_checkpoint_threshold	MVCC checkpoint tuning.
PRAGMA require_where	Safety: when enabled, refuses UPDATE/DELETE without a WHERE clause.
PRAGMA i_am_a_dummy	Alias of require_where (homage to MySQL).

Expressions

Feature support of sqlite expr syntax.

Syntax	Status	Comment
literals	✅ Yes
schema.table.column	🚧 Partial	Schemas aren't supported
unary operator	✅ Yes
binary operator	🚧 Partial	Only %, !<, and !> are unsupported
agg() FILTER (WHERE ...)	❌ No
... OVER (...)	🚧 Partial	Supported for aggregate functions and ROW_NUMBER()
(expr)	✅ Yes
CAST (expr AS type)	✅ Yes
COLLATE	🚧 Partial	Custom collations not supported. Bug: unknown collation names are silently treated as the default instead of erroring (SQLite errors with "no such collation sequence").
(NOT) LIKE	✅ Yes
(NOT) GLOB	✅ Yes
(NOT) REGEXP	✅ Yes
(NOT) MATCH	❌ No
IS (NOT)	✅ Yes
IS (NOT) DISTINCT FROM	✅ Yes
(NOT) BETWEEN ... AND ...	✅ Yes	Expression is rewritten in the optimizer
(NOT) IN (SELECT...)	✅ Yes
(NOT) EXISTS (SELECT...)	✅ Yes
x <operator> (SELECT...))	🚧 Partial	Only scalar subqueries supported, i.e. not (x,y) = (SELECT...)
CASE WHEN THEN ELSE END	✅ Yes
RAISE	✅ Yes	RAISE('msg') and RAISE(ABORT, 'msg') also work outside triggers.

SQL functions

Scalar functions

Function	Status	Comment
abs(X)	✅ Yes
changes()	🚧 Partial	Still need to support update statements and triggers
char(X1,X2,...,XN)	✅ Yes
coalesce(X,Y,...)	✅ Yes
concat(X,...)	✅ Yes
concat_ws(SEP,X,...)	✅ Yes
format(FORMAT,...)	✅ Yes
glob(X,Y)	✅ Yes
hex(X)	✅ Yes
ifnull(X,Y)	✅ Yes
if(X,Y,Z)	✅ Yes	Alias of iif
iif(X,Y,Z)	✅ Yes
instr(X,Y)	✅ Yes
last_insert_rowid()	✅ Yes
length(X)	✅ Yes
like(X,Y)	✅ Yes
like(X,Y,Z)	✅ Yes
likelihood(X,Y)	✅ Yes
likely(X)	✅ Yes
load_extension(X)	🚧 Partial	Only Turso-native extensions, not SQLite .so/.dll
load_extension(X,Y)	❌ No
lower(X)	✅ Yes
ltrim(X)	✅ Yes
ltrim(X,Y)	✅ Yes
max(X,Y,...)	✅ Yes
min(X,Y,...)	✅ Yes
nullif(X,Y)	✅ Yes
octet_length(X)	✅ Yes
printf(FORMAT,...)	✅ Yes
quote(X)	✅ Yes
random()	✅ Yes
randomblob(N)	✅ Yes
replace(X,Y,Z)	✅ Yes
round(X)	✅ Yes
round(X,Y)	✅ Yes
rtrim(X)	✅ Yes
rtrim(X,Y)	✅ Yes
sign(X)	✅ Yes
soundex(X)	✅ Yes
sqlite_compileoption_get(N)	❌ No
sqlite_compileoption_used(X)	❌ No
sqlite_offset(X)	❌ No
sqlite_source_id()	✅ Yes
sqlite_version()	✅ Yes
substr(X,Y,Z)	✅ Yes
substr(X,Y)	✅ Yes
substring(X,Y,Z)	✅ Yes
substring(X,Y)	✅ Yes
total_changes()	🚧 Partial	Still need to support update statements and triggers
trim(X)	✅ Yes
trim(X,Y)	✅ Yes
typeof(X)	✅ Yes
unhex(X)	✅ Yes
unhex(X,Y)	✅ Yes
unicode(X)	✅ Yes
unlikely(X)	✅ Yes
upper(X)	✅ Yes
unistr(X)	✅ Yes
unistr_quote(X)	✅ Yes
zeroblob(N)	✅ Yes

Mathematical functions

Function	Status	Comment
acos(X)	✅ Yes
acosh(X)	✅ Yes
asin(X)	✅ Yes
asinh(X)	✅ Yes
atan(X)	✅ Yes
atan2(Y,X)	✅ Yes
atanh(X)	✅ Yes
ceil(X)	✅ Yes
ceiling(X)	✅ Yes
cos(X)	✅ Yes
cosh(X)	✅ Yes
degrees(X)	✅ Yes
exp(X)	✅ Yes
floor(X)	✅ Yes
ln(X)	✅ Yes
log(B,X)	✅ Yes
log(X)	✅ Yes
log10(X)	✅ Yes
log2(X)	✅ Yes
mod(X,Y)	✅ Yes
pi()	✅ Yes
pow(X,Y)	✅ Yes
power(X,Y)	✅ Yes
radians(X)	✅ Yes
sin(X)	✅ Yes
sinh(X)	✅ Yes
sqrt(X)	✅ Yes
tan(X)	✅ Yes
tanh(X)	✅ Yes
trunc(X)	✅ Yes

Aggregate functions

Function	Status	Comment
avg(X)	✅ Yes
count(X)	✅ Yes
count(*)	✅ Yes
group_concat(X)	✅ Yes
group_concat(X,Y)	✅ Yes
string_agg(X,Y)	✅ Yes
max(X)	✅ Yes
min(X)	✅ Yes
sum(X)	✅ Yes
total(X)	✅ Yes
median(X)	✅ Yes	Requires percentile extension
percentile(Y,P)	✅ Yes	Requires percentile extension
percentile_cont(Y,P)	✅ Yes	Requires percentile extension
percentile_disc(Y,P)	✅ Yes	Requires percentile extension
stddev(X)	✅ Yes	Turso extension

Date and time functions

Function	Status	Comment
date()	✅ Yes
time()	✅ Yes
datetime()	✅ Yes
julianday()	✅ Yes
unixepoch()	✅ Yes
strftime()	✅ Yes
timediff()	✅ Yes

Modifiers:

Modifier	Status	Comment
Days	✅ Yes
Hours	✅ Yes
Minutes	✅ Yes
Seconds	✅ Yes
Months	✅ Yes
Years	✅ Yes
TimeOffset	✅ Yes
DateOffset	✅ Yes
DateTimeOffset	✅ Yes
Ceiling	✅ Yes
Floor	✅ Yes
StartOfMonth	✅ Yes
StartOfYear	✅ Yes
StartOfDay	✅ Yes
Weekday(N)	✅ Yes
Auto	✅ Yes
UnixEpoch	✅ Yes
JulianDay	✅ Yes
Localtime	✅ Yes
Utc	✅ Yes
Subsec	✅ Yes

JSON functions

Function	Status	Comment
json(json)	✅ Yes
jsonb(json)	✅ Yes
json_array(value1,value2,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_array(value1,value2,...)	✅ Yes
json_array_length(json)	✅ Yes
json_array_length(json,path)	✅ Yes
json_error_position(json)	✅ Yes
json_extract(json,path,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_extract(json,path,...)	✅ Yes
json -> path	✅ Yes
json ->> path	✅ Yes
json_insert(json,path,value,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_insert(json,path,value,...)	✅ Yes
json_object(label1,value1,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_object(label1,value1,...)	✅ Yes
json_patch(json1,json2)	✅ Yes
jsonb_patch(json1,json2)	✅ Yes
json_pretty(json)	✅ Yes
json_remove(json,path,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_remove(json,path,...)	✅ Yes
json_replace(json,path,value,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_replace(json,path,value,...)	✅ Yes
json_set(json,path,value,...)	✅ Yes
jsonb_set(json,path,value,...)	✅ Yes
json_type(json)	✅ Yes
json_type(json,path)	✅ Yes
json_valid(json)	✅ Yes
json_valid(json,flags)	✅ Yes
json_quote(value)	✅ Yes
json_group_array(value)	✅ Yes
jsonb_group_array(value)	✅ Yes
json_group_object(label,value)	✅ Yes
jsonb_group_object(name,value)	✅ Yes
json_each(json)	✅ Yes
json_each(json,path)	✅ Yes
json_tree(json)	🚧 Partial	see commented-out tests in json.test
json_tree(json,path)	🚧 Partial	see commented-out tests in json.test

SQLite C API

Database Connection

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_open	✅ Yes
sqlite3_open_v2	🚧 Partial	URI filenames parsed; VFS parameter ignored
sqlite3_open16	❌ No
sqlite3_close	✅ Yes
sqlite3_close_v2	✅ Yes	Same as sqlite3_close
sqlite3_db_filename	✅ Yes
sqlite3_db_config	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_db_handle	✅ Yes
sqlite3_db_readonly	❌ No
sqlite3_db_status	❌ No
sqlite3_db_cacheflush	❌ No
sqlite3_db_release_memory	❌ No
sqlite3_db_name	❌ No
sqlite3_db_mutex	❌ No
sqlite3_get_autocommit	✅ Yes
sqlite3_limit	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_initialize	✅ Yes
sqlite3_shutdown	✅ Yes
sqlite3_config	❌ No

Prepared Statements

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_prepare	❌ No
sqlite3_prepare_v2	✅ Yes
sqlite3_prepare_v3	✅ Yes	Delegates to prepare_v2, prepFlags ignored
sqlite3_prepare16	❌ No
sqlite3_prepare16_v2	❌ No
sqlite3_finalize	✅ Yes
sqlite3_step	✅ Yes
sqlite3_reset	✅ Yes
sqlite3_exec	✅ Yes
sqlite3_stmt_readonly	✅ Yes
sqlite3_stmt_busy	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_stmt_status	🚧 Partial	Supports FULLSCAN_STEP, SORT, VM_STEP, REPREPARE, LIBSQL_STMTSTATUS_ROWS_READ, and LIBSQL_STMTSTATUS_ROWS_WRITTEN. Returns 0 for AUTOINDEX, RUN, FILTER_MISS, FILTER_HIT, and MEMUSED.
sqlite3_sql	❌ No
sqlite3_expanded_sql	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_normalized_sql	❌ No
sqlite3_next_stmt	✅ Yes

Binding Parameters

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_bind_parameter_count	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_parameter_name	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_parameter_index	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_null	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_int	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_int64	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_double	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_text	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_text16	❌ No
sqlite3_bind_text64	❌ No
sqlite3_bind_blob	✅ Yes
sqlite3_bind_blob64	❌ No
sqlite3_bind_value	❌ No
sqlite3_bind_pointer	❌ No
sqlite3_bind_zeroblob	❌ No
sqlite3_bind_zeroblob64	❌ No
sqlite3_clear_bindings	✅ Yes

Result Columns

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_column_count	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_name	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_name16	❌ No
sqlite3_column_decltype	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_decltype16	❌ No
sqlite3_column_type	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_int	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_int64	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_double	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_text	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_text16	❌ No
sqlite3_column_blob	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_bytes	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_bytes16	❌ No
sqlite3_column_value	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_table_name	✅ Yes
sqlite3_column_database_name	❌ No
sqlite3_column_origin_name	❌ No
sqlite3_data_count	✅ Yes

Result Values (sqlite3_value)

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_value_type	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_int	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_int64	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_double	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_text	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_text16	❌ No
sqlite3_value_blob	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_bytes	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_bytes16	❌ No
sqlite3_value_dup	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_free	✅ Yes
sqlite3_value_nochange	❌ No
sqlite3_value_frombind	❌ No
sqlite3_value_subtype	❌ No
sqlite3_value_pointer	❌ No
sqlite3_value_encoding	❌ No
sqlite3_value_numeric_type	❌ No

Error Handling

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_errcode	✅ Yes
sqlite3_errmsg	✅ Yes
sqlite3_errmsg16	❌ No
sqlite3_errstr	✅ Yes
sqlite3_extended_errcode	✅ Yes
sqlite3_extended_result_codes	❌ No
sqlite3_error_offset	❌ No
sqlite3_system_errno	❌ No

Changes and Row IDs

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_changes	✅ Yes
sqlite3_changes64	✅ Yes
sqlite3_total_changes	✅ Yes
sqlite3_total_changes64	❌ No
sqlite3_last_insert_rowid	✅ Yes
sqlite3_set_last_insert_rowid	❌ No

Memory Management

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_malloc	✅ Yes
sqlite3_malloc64	✅ Yes
sqlite3_free	✅ Yes
sqlite3_realloc	❌ No
sqlite3_realloc64	❌ No
sqlite3_msize	❌ No
sqlite3_memory_used	❌ No
sqlite3_memory_highwater	❌ No
sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64	❌ No
sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64	❌ No
sqlite3_release_memory	❌ No

Callback Functions

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_busy_handler	✅ Yes
sqlite3_busy_timeout	✅ Yes
sqlite3_trace_v2	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_progress_handler	✅ Yes	Step-time callbacks only
sqlite3_set_authorizer	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_commit_hook	❌ No
sqlite3_rollback_hook	❌ No
sqlite3_update_hook	❌ No
sqlite3_preupdate_hook	❌ No
sqlite3_unlock_notify	❌ No
sqlite3_wal_hook	❌ No

User-Defined Functions

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_create_function	❌ No
sqlite3_create_function_v2	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_create_function16	❌ No
sqlite3_create_window_function	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_aggregate_context	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_user_data	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_context_db_handle	✅ Yes
sqlite3_get_auxdata	❌ No
sqlite3_set_auxdata	❌ No
sqlite3_result_null	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_int	❌ No
sqlite3_result_int64	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_double	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_text	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_text16	❌ No
sqlite3_result_text64	❌ No
sqlite3_result_blob	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_blob64	❌ No
sqlite3_result_value	❌ No
sqlite3_result_pointer	❌ No
sqlite3_result_zeroblob	❌ No
sqlite3_result_zeroblob64	❌ No
sqlite3_result_error	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_error16	❌ No
sqlite3_result_error_code	❌ No
sqlite3_result_error_nomem	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_error_toobig	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_result_subtype	❌ No

Collation Functions

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_create_collation	❌ No
sqlite3_create_collation_v2	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_create_collation16	❌ No
sqlite3_collation_needed	❌ No
sqlite3_collation_needed16	❌ No
sqlite3_stricmp	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_strnicmp	❌ No

Backup API

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_backup_init	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_backup_step	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_backup_finish	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_backup_remaining	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_backup_pagecount	❌ No	Stub

BLOB I/O

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_blob_open	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_blob_close	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_blob_bytes	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_blob_read	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_blob_write	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_blob_reopen	❌ No

WAL Functions

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_wal_checkpoint	✅ Yes
sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2	✅ Yes
sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint	❌ No
sqlite3_wal_hook	❌ No

Utility Functions

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_libversion	✅ Yes	Returns "3.42.0"
sqlite3_libversion_number	✅ Yes	Returns 3042000
sqlite3_sourceid	❌ No
sqlite3_threadsafe	✅ Yes	Returns 1
sqlite3_complete	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_interrupt	✅ Yes
sqlite3_sleep	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_randomness	❌ No
sqlite3_get_table	✅ Yes
sqlite3_free_table	✅ Yes
sqlite3_mprintf	❌ No
sqlite3_vmprintf	❌ No
sqlite3_snprintf	❌ No
sqlite3_vsnprintf	❌ No
sqlite3_strglob	❌ No
sqlite3_strlike	❌ No

Table Metadata

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_table_column_metadata	✅ Yes

Virtual Tables

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_create_module	❌ No
sqlite3_create_module_v2	❌ No
sqlite3_drop_modules	❌ No
sqlite3_declare_vtab	❌ No
sqlite3_overload_function	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_config	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_nochange	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_collation	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_distinct	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_in	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_in_first	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_in_next	❌ No
sqlite3_vtab_rhs_value	❌ No

Loadable Extensions

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_load_extension	❌ No
sqlite3_enable_load_extension	❌ No
sqlite3_auto_extension	❌ No
sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension	❌ No
sqlite3_reset_auto_extension	❌ No

Serialization

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_serialize	❌ No	Stub
sqlite3_deserialize	❌ No	Stub

Miscellaneous

Interface	Status	Comment
sqlite3_keyword_count	❌ No
sqlite3_keyword_name	❌ No
sqlite3_keyword_check	❌ No
sqlite3_txn_state	❌ No
sqlite3_file_control	❌ No
sqlite3_status	❌ No
sqlite3_status64	❌ No
sqlite3_test_control	❌ No	Testing only
sqlite3_log	❌ No

Turso-specific Extensions

Interface	Status	Comment
libsql_wal_frame_count	✅ Yes	Get WAL frame count
libsql_wal_get_frame	✅ Yes	Extract frame from WAL
libsql_wal_insert_frame	✅ Yes	Insert frame into WAL
libsql_wal_disable_checkpoint	✅ Yes	Disable checkpointing

SQLite VDBE opcodes

Opcode	Status	Comment
Add	✅ Yes
AddImm	✅ Yes
Affinity	✅ Yes
AggFinal	✅ Yes
AggStep	✅ Yes
AggValue	✅ Yes
And	✅ Yes
AutoCommit	✅ Yes
BitAnd	✅ Yes
BitNot	✅ Yes
BitOr	✅ Yes
Blob	✅ Yes
BeginSubrtn	✅ Yes
Cast	✅ Yes
Checkpoint	✅ Yes
Clear	❌ No
Close	✅ Yes
CollSeq	✅ Yes
Column	✅ Yes
Compare	✅ Yes
Concat	✅ Yes
Copy	✅ Yes
Count	✅ Yes
CreateBTree	🚧 Partial	no temp databases
DecrJumpZero	✅ Yes
Delete	✅ Yes
Destroy	✅ Yes
Divide	✅ Yes
DropIndex	✅ Yes
DropTable	✅ Yes
DropTrigger	✅ Yes
EndCoroutine	✅ Yes
Eq	✅ Yes
Expire	❌ No
Explain	❌ No
FkCheck	✅ Yes
FkCounter	✅ Yes
FkIfZero	✅ Yes
Found	✅ Yes
Filter	✅ Yes
FilterAdd	✅ Yes
Function	✅ Yes
Ge	✅ Yes
Gosub	✅ Yes
Goto	✅ Yes
Gt	✅ Yes
Halt	✅ Yes
HaltIfNull	✅ Yes
IdxDelete	✅ Yes
IdxGE	✅ Yes
IdxInsert	✅ Yes
IdxLE	✅ Yes
IdxLT	✅ Yes
IdxRowid	✅ Yes
If	✅ Yes
IfNeg	✅ Yes
IfNot	✅ Yes
IfPos	✅ Yes
IfZero	❌ No
IncrVacuum	❌ No
Init	✅ Yes
InitCoroutine	✅ Yes
Insert	✅ Yes
Int64	✅ Yes
Integer	✅ Yes
IntegrityCk	✅ Yes
IsNull	✅ Yes
IsUnique	❌ No
JournalMode	✅ Yes
Jump	✅ Yes
Last	✅ Yes
Le	✅ Yes
LoadAnalysis	❌ No
Lt	✅ Yes
MakeRecord	✅ Yes
MaxPgcnt	✅ Yes
MemMax	✅ Yes
Move	✅ Yes
Multiply	✅ Yes
MustBeInt	✅ Yes
Ne	✅ Yes
NewRowid	✅ Yes
Next	✅ Yes
Noop	✅ Yes
Not	✅ Yes
NotExists	✅ Yes
NotFound	✅ Yes
NotNull	✅ Yes
Null	✅ Yes
NullRow	✅ Yes
Once	✅ Yes
OpenAutoindex	✅ Yes
OpenDup	✅ Yes
OpenEphemeral	✅ Yes
OpenPseudo	✅ Yes
OpenRead	✅ Yes
OpenWrite	✅ Yes
Or	✅ Yes
Pagecount	🚧 Partial	no temp databases
Param	❌ No
ParseSchema	✅ Yes
Permutation	❌ No
Prev	✅ Yes
Program	✅ Yes
ReadCookie	🚧 Partial	no temp databases, only user_version supported
Real	✅ Yes
RealAffinity	✅ Yes
Remainder	✅ Yes
ResetCount	❌ No
ResetSorter	🚧 Partial	sorter cursors are not supported yet; only ephemeral tables are
ResultRow	✅ Yes
Return	✅ Yes
Rewind	✅ Yes
RowData	✅ Yes
RowId	✅ Yes
RowKey	❌ No
RowSetAdd	✅ Yes
RowSetRead	✅ Yes
RowSetTest	✅ Yes
Rowid	✅ Yes
SCopy	❌ No
Savepoint	✅ Yes
Seek	❌ No
SeekGe	✅ Yes
SeekGt	✅ Yes
SeekLe	✅ Yes
SeekLt	✅ Yes
SeekRowid	✅ Yes
SeekEnd	✅ Yes
Sequence	✅ Yes
SequenceTest	✅ Yes
SetCookie	✅ Yes
ShiftLeft	✅ Yes
ShiftRight	✅ Yes
SoftNull	✅ Yes
Sort	❌ No
SorterCompare	✅ Yes
SorterData	✅ Yes
SorterInsert	✅ Yes
SorterNext	✅ Yes
SorterOpen	✅ Yes
SorterSort	✅ Yes
String	NotNeeded	SQLite uses String for sized strings and String8 for null-terminated. All our strings are sized
String8	✅ Yes
Subtract	✅ Yes
TableLock	❌ No
Trace	❌ No
Transaction	✅ Yes
VBegin	✅ Yes
VColumn	✅ Yes
VCreate	✅ Yes
VDestroy	✅ Yes
VFilter	✅ Yes
VNext	✅ Yes
VOpen	✅ Yes
VRename	✅ Yes
VUpdate	✅ Yes
Vacuum	🚧 Partial
Variable	✅ Yes
Yield	✅ Yes
ZeroOrNull	✅ Yes

SQLite journaling modes

We currently don't have plan to support the rollback journal mode as it locks the database file during writes. Therefore, all rollback-type modes (delete, truncate, persist, memory) are marked are Not Needed below.

Journal mode	Status	Comment
wal	✅ Yes
wal2	❌ No	experimental feature in sqlite
delete	Not Needed
truncate	Not Needed
persist	Not Needed
memory	Not Needed

Extensions

Turso has in-tree extensions.

UUID

UUID's in Turso are blobs by default.

Function	Status	Comment
uuid4()	✅ Yes	UUID version 4
uuid4_str()	✅ Yes	UUID v4 string alias gen_random_uuid() for PG compatibility
uuid7(X?)	✅ Yes	UUID version 7 (optional parameter for seconds since epoch)
uuid7_timestamp_ms(X)	✅ Yes	Convert a UUID v7 to milliseconds since epoch
uuid_str(X)	✅ Yes	Convert a valid UUID to string
uuid_blob(X)	✅ Yes	Convert a valid UUID to blob

regexp

The regexp extension is compatible with sqlean-regexp.

Function	Status	Comment
regexp(pattern, source)	✅ Yes
regexp_like(source, pattern)	✅ Yes
regexp_substr(source, pattern)	✅ Yes
regexp_capture(source, pattern[, n])	✅ Yes
regexp_replace(source, pattern, replacement)	✅ Yes

Vector

The vector extension is compatible with libSQL native vector search.

Function	Status	Comment
vector(x)	✅ Yes
vector32(x)	✅ Yes
vector64(x)	✅ Yes
vector_extract(x)	✅ Yes
vector_distance_cos(x, y)	✅ Yes
vector_distance_l2(x, y)	✅ Yes	Euclidean distance
vector_concat(x, y)	✅ Yes
vector_slice(x, start_index, end_index)	✅ Yes

Time

The time extension is compatible with sqlean-time.

Function	Status	Comment
time_now()	✅ Yes
time_date(year, month, day[, hour, min, sec[, nsec[, offset_sec]]])	✅ Yes
time_get_year(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_month(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_day(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_hour(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_minute(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_second(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_nano(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_weekday(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_yearday(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_isoyear(t)	✅ Yes
time_get_isoweek(t)	✅ Yes
time_get(t, field)	✅ Yes
time_unix(sec[, nsec])	✅ Yes
time_milli(msec)	✅ Yes
time_micro(usec)	✅ Yes
time_nano(nsec)	✅ Yes
time_to_unix(t)	✅ Yes
time_to_milli(t)	✅ Yes
time_to_micro(t)	✅ Yes
time_to_nano(t)	✅ Yes
time_after(t, u)	✅ Yes
time_before(t, u)	✅ Yes
time_compare(t, u)	✅ Yes
time_equal(t, u)	✅ Yes
time_add(t, d)	✅ Yes
time_add_date(t, years[, months[, days]])	✅ Yes
time_sub(t, u)	✅ Yes
time_since(t)	✅ Yes
time_until(t)	✅ Yes
time_trunc(t, field)	✅ Yes
time_trunc(t, d)	✅ Yes
time_round(t, d)	✅ Yes
time_fmt_iso(t[, offset_sec])	✅ Yes
time_fmt_datetime(t[, offset_sec])	✅ Yes
time_fmt_date(t[, offset_sec])	✅ Yes
time_fmt_time(t[, offset_sec])	✅ Yes
time_parse(s)	✅ Yes
dur_ns()	✅ Yes
dur_us()	✅ Yes
dur_ms()	✅ Yes
dur_s()	✅ Yes
dur_m()	✅ Yes
dur_h()	✅ Yes

Full-Text Search (FTS)

Turso implements FTS using Tantivy instead of SQLite's FTS3/FTS4/FTS5.

Feature	Status	Comment
CREATE INDEX ... USING fts	✅ Yes	Turso-specific syntax
fts_match()	✅ Yes
fts_score()	✅ Yes	BM25 relevance scoring
fts_highlight()	✅ Yes
MATCH operator	✅ Yes
SQLite FTS3/FTS4/FTS5	❌ No	Use Turso FTS instead
snippet()	❌ No

CSV

The CSV extension provides RFC 4180 compliant CSV file reading.

Feature	Status	Comment
CSV virtual table	✅ Yes	CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE ... USING csv(...)

Percentile

Statistical aggregate functions.

Function	Status	Comment
median(X)	✅ Yes
percentile(Y,P)	✅ Yes
percentile_cont(Y,P)	✅ Yes
percentile_disc(Y,P)	✅ Yes

Table-Valued Functions

Function	Status	Comment
generate_series(start, stop[, step])	✅ Yes	All parameters supported
carray()	❌ No	C-API specific

Internal Virtual Tables

Virtual Table	Status	Comment
sqlite_dbpage	🚧 Partial	readonly, no attach support