PostgreSQL Wire Protocol (PGWire)

SpacetimeDB supports the PostgreSQL wire protocol (PGWire), enabling compatibility with PostgreSQL clients and tools.

The PostgreSQL wire protocol is a network protocol used by PostgreSQL clients to communicate with compatible servers. It defines how messages are formatted and exchanged between client and server. The protocol is agnostic to the query dialect, meaning it can be used with different SQL engines and feature sets, in concrete, SpacetimeDB.

This allows users to leverage the existing PostgreSQL ecosystem, including drivers, ORMs, IDEs, CLI tools, and GUI clients that support PostgreSQL.

When using PGWire with SpacetimeDB, consider the following:

Feature Support

SpacetimeDB is progressively adding PostgreSQL client compatibility. Some features are unsupported, partially implemented, or behave differently:

Protocol Version: Only PGWire protocol version 3.0 is supported, and only the Simple Query Protocol, and without parameterized queries.
SQL Features: Only the subset of SQL features documented in the SQL documentation are supported. Subscription queries do not update in real time.
Authentication: SpacetimeDB does not implement database users or roles. The connection string user_name@database_name ignores user_name; only database_name is used. Authentication is based on the auth token provided via the password field.
SSL/TLS: SSL is supported only for SpacetimeDB Cloud deployments (without mutual TLS). Other deployments (such as SpacetimeDB Standalone) do not support SSL/TLS connections.
System Tables and Views: SpacetimeDB provides its own system tables (e.g., SELECT * FROM st_table) for introspection. These are not PostgreSQL-compatible, so tools relying on PostgreSQL system catalogs will not work.
Port and Host:
- In SpacetimeDB Standalone deployments, specify the port with spacetime start --pg-port <port>. Without this flag, connections using the PostgreSQL protocol are not enabled.
- In SpacetimeDB Cloud deployments, the port is always 5432.
Transactions: User-defined transactions (BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, etc.) are not supported. Each SQL statement executes in its own transaction context. Client libraries should disable automatic transaction handling.
Special Data Types: Some SpacetimeDB data types map to PostgreSQL types as:
- Simple enums are displayed as Enum.
- Algebraic Data Types (ADTs) & records are displayed as JSON.
- Duration is displayed as Interval.
- Identity, ConnectionId, U8, [U8], Bytes & Hex is displayed as Bytea.

Connection Parameters

To connect to SpacetimeDB using a PostgreSQL client, use the following parameters:

Host:
- localhost for SpacetimeDB Standalone deployments
- maincloud.spacetimedb.com for SpacetimeDB Cloud deployments
Port:
- 5432 for SpacetimeDB Cloud
- The value passed with --pg-port for SpacetimeDB Standalone
Database: The target SpacetimeDB database
User: Any string (ignored by SpacetimeDB)
Password: The auth token
SSL Mode: require (only for SpacetimeDB Cloud)

Auth Token

:::warning

The auth token is sensitive. Do not expose it in logs, version control, or insecure locations.

:::

SpacetimeDB uses the password field to pass the auth token. Obtain the token with:

bash

spacetime login show --token

To export the token to PGPASSWORD:

For bash:

bash

export PGPASSWORD="$(spacetime login show --token | sed -n 's/^Your auth token.*is //p')"

For PowerShell:

powershell

$env:PGPASSWORD = (spacetime login show --token | Select-String 'Your auth token.*is (.*)' | % { $_.Matches[0].Groups[1].Value })

Enabling PGWire in SpacetimeDB Standalone

PGWire is disabled by default when starting a SpacetimeDB Standalone server.

To enable it, start the server with the --pg-port option:

bash

spacetime start --pg-port 5432 [ARGS]

Examples

In the following example, we assume you are using the quickstart-chat database created in the Rust Module Quickstart or C# Module Quickstart, and have set the auth token as shown above.

Using `psql`

SpacetimeDB Standalone deployment:

bash

psql "host=localhost port=5432 user=any dbname=quickstart-chat"

SpacetimeDB Cloud deployment:

bash

psql "host=maincloud.spacetimedb.com port=5432 user=any dbname=quickstart-chat sslmode=require"

:::note

Introspection commands such as \dt will not work, as SpacetimeDB does not support PostgreSQL schemas.

:::

Now for example:

psql

quickstart=> select * from message;
                               sender                               |               sent               | text
--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------
 \xc200da2d6ddb6c0beef0bbaafacffe5f0649c86b8d19411e3219066a6d0e5123 | 2025-09-29T22:29:14.271647+00:00 | hello
(1 row)

quickstart=> update message set text = 'world';
updated: 1, server: 1.72ms

quickstart=> select text from message;
 text
-------
 world
(1 row)

Using Python (`psycopg2`)

python

import psycopg2
import os

conn = psycopg2.connect(
    host="localhost",  # or "maincloud.spacetimedb.com" for SpacetimeDB Cloud
    port=5432,
    dbname="quickstart-chat",
    user="any",
    password=os.getenv("PGPASSWORD"),
    sslmode="disable"  # use "require" for SpacetimeDB Cloud
)
conn.set_session(autocommit=True)  # disable transactions

print("Running query:")
with conn.cursor() as cur:
    cur.execute("SELECT * FROM message;")
    for row in cur.fetchall():
        print(row)

conn.close()
print("Done.")

Using Rust (`tokio-postgres` + `rustls`)

We use the tokio-postgres-rustls because is stricter, so we can show how disables certificate verification.

toml

# Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
anyhow = "1.0.71"
tokio-postgres = "0.7.14"
tokio-postgres-rustls = "0.13.0"
tokio = { version = "1.47.1", features = ["full"] }
rustls = "0.23.32"

rust

// main.rs
use std::env;
use std::sync::Arc;
use rustls::client::danger::{ServerCertVerified, ServerCertVerifier};
use rustls::pki_types::{CertificateDer, ServerName, UnixTime};
use rustls::{ClientConfig, Error, RootCertStore, SignatureScheme};
use tokio_postgres_rustls::MakeRustlsConnect;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct NoVerifier;

impl ServerCertVerifier for NoVerifier {
    fn verify_server_cert(
        &self,
        _: &CertificateDer<'_>,
        _: &[CertificateDer<'_>],
        _: &ServerName<'_>,
        _: &[u8],
        _: UnixTime,
    ) -> Result<ServerCertVerified, Error> {
        Ok(ServerCertVerified::assertion())
    }

    fn verify_tls12_signature(
        &self,
        _: &[u8],
        _: &CertificateDer<'_>,
        _: &rustls::DigitallySignedStruct,
    ) -> Result<rustls::client::danger::HandshakeSignatureValid, Error> {
        Ok(rustls::client::danger::HandshakeSignatureValid::assertion())
    }

    fn verify_tls13_signature(
        &self,
        _: &[u8],
        _: &CertificateDer<'_>,
        _: &rustls::DigitallySignedStruct,
    ) -> Result<rustls::client::danger::HandshakeSignatureValid, Error> {
        Ok(rustls::client::danger::HandshakeSignatureValid::assertion())
    }

    fn supported_verify_schemes(&self) -> Vec<SignatureScheme> {
        vec![
            SignatureScheme::ECDSA_NISTP384_SHA384,
            SignatureScheme::ECDSA_NISTP256_SHA256,
            SignatureScheme::RSA_PSS_SHA512,
            SignatureScheme::RSA_PSS_SHA384,
            SignatureScheme::RSA_PSS_SHA256,
            SignatureScheme::ED25519,
        ]
    }
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
    let password = env::var("PGPASSWORD").expect("PGPASSWORD not set");

    let mut config = ClientConfig::builder()
        .with_root_certificates(RootCertStore::empty())
        .with_no_client_auth();

    config.dangerous().set_certificate_verifier(Arc::new(NoVerifier));
    let connector = MakeRustlsConnect::new(config);

    let (client, connection) = tokio_postgres::connect(
        // Note: use "maincloud.spacetimedb.com" and sslmode=require for SpacetimeDB Cloud
        &format!(
            "host=localhost port=5432 user=any sslmode=disable dbname=quickstart-chat password={password}"
        ),
        connector,
    ).await?;

    tokio::spawn(async move { connection.await.expect("connection error") });

    println!("Running query:");
    let rows = client.simple_query("SELECT * FROM message;").await?;
    for row in rows {
        println!("Row: {:?}", row);
    }
    println!("Done.");
    Ok(())
}

Feature Support

Connection Parameters

Auth Token

Enabling PGWire in SpacetimeDB Standalone

Examples

Using psql

Using Python (psycopg2)

Using Rust (tokio-postgres + rustls)

Using `psql`

Using Python (`psycopg2`)

Using Rust (`tokio-postgres` + `rustls`)