doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
This document is a list of user visible feature changes since the 2.7.0 release, except for bug fixes.
Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
Keyword arguments are now separated from positional arguments. Code that resulted in deprecation warnings in Ruby 2.7 will now result in ArgumentError or different behavior. [Feature #14183]
Procs accepting a single rest argument and keywords are no longer subject to autosplatting. This now matches the behavior of Procs accepting a single rest argument and no keywords. [Feature #16166]
pr = proc{|*a, **kw| [a, kw]}
pr.call([1])
# 2.7 => [[1], {}]
# 3.0 => [[[1]], {}]
pr.call([1, {a: 1}])
# 2.7 => [[1], {:a=>1}] # and deprecation warning
# 3.0 => [[[1, {:a=>1}]], {}]
Arguments forwarding (...) now supports leading arguments.
[Feature #16378]
def method_missing(meth, ...)
send(:"do_#{meth}", ...)
end
Pattern matching (case/in) is no longer experimental. [Feature #17260]
One-line pattern matching is redesigned. [EXPERIMENTAL]
=> is added. It can be used like a rightward assignment.
[Feature #17260]
0 => a
p a #=> 0
{b: 0, c: 1} => {b:}
p b #=> 0
in is changed to return true or false. [Feature #17371]
# version 3.0
0 in 1 #=> false
# version 2.7
0 in 1 #=> raise NoMatchingPatternError
Find-pattern is added. [EXPERIMENTAL] [Feature #16828]
case ["a", 1, "b", "c", 2, "d", "e", "f", 3]
in [*pre, String => x, String => y, *post]
p pre #=> ["a", 1]
p x #=> "b"
p y #=> "c"
p post #=> [2, "d", "e", "f", 3]
end
Endless method definition is added. [EXPERIMENTAL] [Feature #16746]
def square(x) = x * x
Interpolated String literals are no longer frozen when
# frozen-string-literal: true is used. [Feature #17104]
Magic comment shareable_constant_value added to freeze constants.
See {Magic Comments}[rdoc-ref:syntax/comments.rdoc@Magic+Comments] for more details.
[Feature #17273]
A {static analysis}[rdoc-label:label-Static+analysis] foundation is introduced.
Deprecation warnings are no longer shown by default (since Ruby 2.7.2).
Turn them on with -W:deprecated (or with -w to show other warnings too).
[Feature #16345]
$SAFE and $KCODE are now normal global variables with no special behavior.
C-API methods related to $SAFE have been removed.
[Feature #16131] [Feature #17136]
yield in singleton class definitions in methods is now a SyntaxError instead of a warning. yield in a class definition outside of a method is now a SyntaxError instead of a LocalJumpError. [Feature #15575]
When a class variable is overtaken by the same definition in an ancestor class/module, a RuntimeError is now raised (previously, it only issued a warning in verbose mode). Additionally, accessing a class variable from the toplevel scope is now a RuntimeError. [Bug #14541]
Assigning to a numbered parameter is now a SyntaxError instead of a warning.
--help optionWhen the environment variable RUBY_PAGER or PAGER is present and has
a non-empty value, and the standard input and output are tty, the --help
option shows the help message via the pager designated by the value.
[Feature #16754]
--backtrace-limit optionThe --backtrace-limit option limits the maximum length of a backtrace.
[Feature #8661]
Outstanding ones only.
Array
The following methods now return Array instances instead of subclass instances when called on subclass instances: [Bug #6087]
Can be sliced with Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
dirty_data = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
dirty_data[(1..).step(2)] # take each second element
# => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]
Binding
"(eval)"
for __FILE__ and 1 for __LINE__ in the evaluated code.
[Bug #4352] [Bug #17419]ConditionVariable
block/unblock scheduler
hooks in a non-blocking context. [Feature #16786]Dir
sort: keyword option. [Feature #8709]ENV
ENV.except has been added, which returns a hash excluding the given keys and their values. [Feature #15822]
Windows: Read ENV names and values as UTF-8 encoded Strings [Feature #12650]
Encoding
Added new encoding IBM720. [Feature #16233]
Changed default for Encoding.default_external to UTF-8 on Windows [Feature #16604]
Fiber
Fiber.new(blocking: true/false) allows you to create non-blocking execution contexts. [Feature #16786]
Fiber#blocking? tells whether the fiber is non-blocking. [Feature #16786]
Fiber#backtrace and Fiber#backtrace_locations provide per-fiber backtrace. [Feature #16815]
The limitation of Fiber#transfer is relaxed. [Bug #17221]
GC
auto_compact= to true will cause
compaction to occur during major collections. At the moment,
compaction adds significant overhead to major collections, so please
test first! [Feature #17176]Hash
Hash#transform_keys and Hash#transform_keys! now accept a hash that maps keys to new keys. [Feature #16274]
Hash#except has been added, which returns a hash excluding the given keys and their values. [Feature #15822]
IO
IO#nonblock? now defaults to true. [Feature #16786]
IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable, IO#read, IO#write and other
related methods (e.g. IO#puts, IO#gets) may invoke the scheduler hook
#io_wait(io, events, timeout) in a non-blocking execution context.
[Feature #16786]
Kernel
Kernel#clone when called with the freeze: false keyword will call
#initialize_clone with the freeze: false keyword.
[Bug #14266]
Kernel#clone when called with the freeze: true keyword will call
#initialize_clone with the freeze: true keyword, and will
return a frozen copy even if the receiver is unfrozen.
[Feature #16175]
Kernel#eval when called with two arguments will use "(eval)"
for __FILE__ and 1 for __LINE__ in the evaluated code.
[Bug #4352]
Kernel#lambda now warns if called without a literal block. [Feature #15973]
Kernel.sleep invokes the scheduler hook #kernel_sleep(...) in a
non-blocking execution context. [Feature #16786]
Module
Module#include and Module#prepend now affect classes and modules that have already included or prepended the receiver, mirroring the behavior if the arguments were included in the receiver before the other modules and classes included or prepended the receiver. [Feature #9573]
class C; end
module M1; end
module M2; end
C.include M1
M1.include M2
p C.ancestors #=> [C, M1, M2, Object, Kernel, BasicObject]
Module#public, Module#protected, Module#private, Module#public_class_method, Module#private_class_method, toplevel "private" and "public" methods now accept single array argument with a list of method names. [Feature #17314]
Module#attr_accessor, Module#attr_reader, Module#attr_writer and Module#attr methods now return an array of defined method names as symbols. [Feature #17314]
Module#alias_method now returns the defined alias as a symbol. [Feature #17314]
Mutex
Mutex is now acquired per-Fiber instead of per-Thread. This change
should be compatible for essentially all usages and avoids blocking when
using a scheduler. [Feature #16792]Proc
Queue / SizedQueue
block/unblock scheduler hooks in a non-blocking context.
[Feature #16786]Ractor
Random
Random::DEFAULT now refers to the Random class instead of being a Random instance,
so it can work with Ractor.
[Feature #17322]
Random::DEFAULT is deprecated since its value is now confusing and it is no longer global,
use Kernel.rand/Random.rand directly, or create a Random instance with Random.new instead.
[Feature #17351]
String
The following methods now return or yield String instances instead of subclass instances when called on subclass instances: [Bug #10845]
Symbol
Symbol#to_proc now returns a lambda Proc. [Feature #16260]
Symbol#name has been added, which returns the name of the symbol if it is named. The returned string is frozen. [Feature #16150]
Fiber
Introduce Fiber.set_scheduler for intercepting blocking operations and Fiber.scheduler for accessing the current scheduler. See rdoc-ref:fiber.md for more details about what operations are supported and how to implement the scheduler hooks. [Feature #16786]
Fiber.blocking? tells whether the current execution context is blocking. [Feature #16786]
Thread
Thread#join invokes the scheduler hooks block/unblock in a
non-blocking execution context. [Feature #16786]
Thread.ignore_deadlock accessor has been added for disabling the default deadlock detection, allowing the use of signal handlers to break deadlock. [Bug #13768]
Warning
Outstanding ones only.
BigDecimal
Update to BigDecimal 3.0.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
Bundler
CGI
Update to 0.2.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
CSV
Date
Update to Date 3.1.1
This version is Ractor compatible.
Digest
Update to Digest 3.0.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
Etc
Update to Etc 1.2.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
Fiddle
IRB
JSON
Update to JSON 2.5.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
Set
Update to set 1.0.0
SortedSet has been removed for dependency and performance reasons.
Set#join is added as a shorthand for .to_a.join.
Set#<=> is added.
Socket
Net::HTTP
Net::HTTP#verify_hostname= and Net::HTTP#verify_hostname have been added to skip hostname verification. [Feature #16555]
Net::HTTP.get, Net::HTTP.get_response, and Net::HTTP.get_print can take the request headers as a Hash in the second argument when the first argument is a URI. [Feature #16686]
Net::SMTP
Add SNI support.
Net::SMTP.start arguments are keyword arguments.
TLS should not check the host name by default.
OpenStruct
Initialization is no longer lazy. [Bug #12136]
Builtin methods can now be overridden safely. [Bug #15409]
Implementation uses only methods ending with !.
Ractor compatible.
Improved support for YAML. [Bug #8382]
Use officially discouraged. Read OpenStruct@Caveats section.
Pathname
Psych
Update to Psych 3.3.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
Reline
RubyGems
StringIO
Update to StringIO 3.0.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
StringScanner
Update to StringScanner 3.0.0
This version is Ractor compatible.
URI
URI.escape and URI.unescape have been removed. Instead, use the following methods depending on your specific use case.
Excluding feature bug fixes.
Regexp literals and all Range objects are frozen. [Feature #8948] [Feature #16377] [Feature #15504]
/foo/.frozen? #=> true
(42...).frozen? # => true
EXPERIMENTAL: Hash#each consistently yields a 2-element array. [Bug #12706]
{ a: 1 }.each(&->(k, v) { }) raises an ArgumentError
due to lambda's arity check.When writing to STDOUT redirected to a closed pipe, no broken pipe error message will be shown now. [Feature #14413]
TRUE/FALSE/NIL constants are no longer defined.
Integer#zero? overrides Numeric#zero? for optimization. [Misc #16961]
Enumerable#grep and Enumerable#grep_v when passed a Regexp and no block no longer modify Regexp.last_match. [Bug #17030]
Requiring 'open-uri' no longer redefines Kernel#open.
Call URI.open directly or use URI#open instead. [Misc #15893]
SortedSet has been removed for dependency and performance reasons.
Default gems
The following libraries are promoted to default gems from stdlib.
The following extensions are promoted to default gems from stdlib.
Bundled gems
SDBM has been removed from the Ruby standard library. [Bug #8446]
WEBrick has been removed from the Ruby standard library. [Feature #17303]
C API functions related to $SAFE have been removed.
[Feature #16131]
C API header file ruby/ruby.h was split. [GH-2991]
This should have no impact on extension libraries, but users might experience slow compilations.
Memory view interface [EXPERIMENTAL]
Ractor related C APIs are introduced (experimental) in "include/ruby/ractor.h".
New method cache mechanism for Ractor. [Feature #16614]
The number of hashes allocated when using a keyword splat in a method call has been reduced to a maximum of 1, and passing a keyword splat to a method that accepts specific keywords does not allocate a hash.
super is optimized when the same type of method is called in the previous call
if it's not refinements or an attr reader or writer.
Performance improvements of JIT-ed code
Microarchitectural optimizations
Native functions shared by multiple methods are deduplicated on JIT compaction.
Decrease code size of hot paths by some optimizations and partitioning cold paths.
Instance variables
Eliminate some redundant checks.
Skip checking a class and a object multiple times in a method when possible.
Optimize accesses in some core classes like Hash and their subclasses.
Method inlining support for some C methods
Kernel: #class, #frozen?
Integer: #-@, #~, #abs, #bit_length, #even?, #integer?, #magnitude,
#odd?, #ord, #to_i, #to_int, #zero?
Struct: reader methods for 10th or later members
Constant references are inlined.
Always generate appropriate code for ==, nil?, and ! calls depending on
a receiver class.
Reduce the number of PC accesses on branches and method returns.
Optimize C method calls a little.
Compilation process improvements
It does not keep temporary files in /tmp anymore.
Throttle GC and compaction of JIT-ed code.
Avoid GC-ing JIT-ed code when not necessary.
GC-ing JIT-ed code is executed in a background thread.
Reduce the number of locks between Ruby and JIT threads.
RBS is a new language for type definition of Ruby programs. It allows writing types of classes and modules with advanced types including union types, overloading, generics, and interface types for duck typing.
Ruby ships with type definitions for core/stdlib classes.
rbs gem is bundled to load and process RBS files.
TypeProf is a type analysis tool for Ruby code based on abstract interpretation.
It reads non-annotated Ruby code, tries inferring its type signature, and prints the analysis result in RBS format.
Though it supports only a subset of the Ruby language yet, we will continuously improve the coverage of language features, analysis performance, and usability.
# test.rb
def foo(x)
if x > 10
x.to_s
else
nil
end
end
foo(42)
$ typeprof test.rb
# Classes
class Object
def foo : (Integer) -> String?
end
Methods using ruby2_keywords will no longer keep empty keyword
splats, those are now removed just as they are for methods not
using ruby2_keywords.
When an exception is caught in the default handler, the error message and backtrace are printed in order from the innermost. [Feature #8661]
Accessing an uninitialized instance variable no longer emits a warning in verbose mode. [Feature #17055]