C++ Coding Style

The general rule is:

• Write code in a manner similar to that around it.

This document describes guidelines that people new to the codebase tend not to immediately pick up on. These aren't universal rules (besides the first rule) and situations might require your better judgement.

1. Use if (...) {, while (...) {, and switch (...) {, not if(...){, while(...){, and switch(...){. Use braces.

2. Header files should be included in the following order:

3. Your parent .hpp file (if you are a .cc file),

4. C system headers (<math.h>, <unistd.h>, etc),

5. Standard C++ headers (<vector>, <algorithm>, etc),

6. Boost headers, with "errors.hpp" included before them, if there are any.

7. Local headers with full paths ("rdb_protocol/protocol.hpp", etc).

Reason: It's always good to have one .cc file include each .hpp file first, so that you know it includes all of its dependencies. The Google Style Guide specifies the C/C++/Local order and we blindly assume there's a reason. errors.hpp defines BOOST_ENABLE_ASSERT_HANDLER to make Boost assertion failures get forwarded to the RethinkDB assertion mechanism, so it needs to go before boost headers.

3. Don't use non-const lvalue references, except, perhaps, in return values.

Reason: The entire codebase does things this way. Right now, somebody seeing foo(bar) can currently expect bar not to be modified.

Exception: std::swap and STL-like swap methods, perhaps, and other peculiar situations.

4. Don't make fields whose type is a reference type (const or non-const), and don't turn references into pointers in ways that might surprise the caller.

Reason: This makes object lifetime dependencies easier to see (somebody calling foo(bar) can assume there's no new restrictions on the lifetime of bar -- the code must become foo(&bar) which shows that something spooky is happening).

Null pointer dereferences are also easier to track down than use-after-free bugs. (Also, they generally don't happen: a function taking a pointer argument does not imply that it accepts a null pointer value, and this hasn't been a problem.)

5. If your type should not be copied, use the DISABLE_COPYING macro to make it non-copyable.

Or declare its copy constructor and assignment operator with = delete; yourself.

6. Run (from the src directory) ../scripts/check_style.sh to see if your code has introduced any of a certain class of style errors.

The include-what-you-use errors exist to make you suffer -- but keeping awareness of this makes efforts to untangle header file dependences a lot less labor-intensive.

Bogus errors can be suppressed with // NOLINT(specific/category).

This script has caught several bugs (mostly race conditions caused by not using reentrant "_r" versions of libc functions).