guides/source/7_1_release_notes.md
DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.
Highlights in Rails 7.1:
ActiveRecord::Base.normalizesActiveRecord::Base.generates_token_forperform_all_later to enqueue multiple jobs at onceTrilogyActiveSupport::MessagePackconfig.autoload_lib and config.autoload_lib_once for Enhanced AutoloadinglocalsRails.application.deprecatorsresponse.parsed_bodyresponse.parsed_body to parse HTML with NokogiriActionView::TestCase.register_parserThese release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug fixes and changes, please refer to the changelogs or check out the list of commits in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 7.0 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting an update to Rails 7.1. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is available in the Upgrading Ruby on Rails guide.
Default Docker support to new Rails applications. When generating a new application, Rails will now include Docker-related files in the application.
These files serve as a foundational setup for deploying your Rails application in a production environment using Docker. It's important to note that these files are not meant for development purposes.
Here's a quick example of how to build and run your Rails app using these Docker files:
$ docker build -t app .
$ docker volume create app-storage
$ docker run --rm -it -v app-storage:/rails/storage -p 3000:3000 --env RAILS_MASTER_KEY=<your-config-master-key> app
You can also start a console or runner from this Docker image:
$ docker run --rm -it -v app-storage:/rails/storage --env RAILS_MASTER_KEY=<your-config-master-key> app console
For those looking to create a multi-platform image (e.g., Apple Silicon for AMD or Intel deployment), and push it to Docker Hub, follow these steps:
$ docker login -u <your-user>
$ docker buildx create --use
$ docker buildx build --push --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t <your-user/image-name> .
This enhancement simplifies the deployment process, providing a convenient starting point for getting your Rails application up and running in a production environment.
ActiveRecord::Base.normalizesActiveRecord::Base.normalizes declares an attribute normalization. The
normalization is applied when the attribute is assigned or updated, and the
normalized value will be persisted to the database. The normalization is also
applied to the corresponding keyword argument of query methods, allowing records
to be queried using unnormalized values.
For example:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
normalizes :email, with: -> email { email.strip.downcase }
normalizes :phone, with: -> phone { phone.delete("^0-9").delete_prefix("1") }
end
user = User.create(email: " [email protected]\n")
user.email # => "cruise-control@example.com"
user = User.find_by(email: "\[email protected] ")
user.email # => "cruise-control@example.com"
user.email_before_type_cast # => "cruise-control@example.com"
User.where(email: "\[email protected] ").count # => 1
User.where(["email = ?", "\[email protected] "]).count # => 0
User.exists?(email: "\[email protected] ") # => true
User.exists?(["email = ?", "\[email protected] "]) # => false
User.normalize_value_for(:phone, "+1 (555) 867-5309") # => "5558675309"
ActiveRecord::Base.generates_token_forActiveRecord::Base.generates_token_for defines the generation of tokens
for a specific purpose. Generated tokens can expire and can also embed record
data. When using a token to fetch a record, the data from the token and the
current data from the record will be compared. If the two do not match, the
token will be treated as invalid, the same as if it had expired.
Here is an example implementing a single-use password reset token:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
has_secure_password
generates_token_for :password_reset, expires_in: 15.minutes do
# `password_salt` (defined by `has_secure_password`) returns the salt for
# the password. The salt changes when the password is changed, so the token
# will expire when the password is changed.
password_salt&.last(10)
end
end
user = User.first
token = user.generate_token_for(:password_reset)
User.find_by_token_for(:password_reset, token) # => user
user.update!(password: "new password")
User.find_by_token_for(:password_reset, token) # => nil
perform_all_later to enqueue multiple jobs at onceThe perform_all_later method in Active Job,
designed to streamline the process of enqueuing multiple jobs simultaneously. This powerful
addition allows you to efficiently enqueue jobs without triggering callbacks. This is
particularly useful when you need to enqueue a batch of jobs at once, reducing the overhead
of multiple round-trips to the queue datastore.
Here's how you can take advantage of perform_all_later:
# Enqueueing individual jobs
ActiveJob.perform_all_later(MyJob.new("hello", 42), MyJob.new("world", 0))
# Enqueueing an array of jobs
user_jobs = User.pluck(:id).map { |id| UserJob.new(user_id: id) }
ActiveJob.perform_all_later(user_jobs)
By utilizing perform_all_later, you can optimize your job enqueuing process and take advantage
of improved efficiency, especially when working with large sets of jobs. It's worth noting that
for queue adapters that support the new enqueue_all method, such as the Sidekiq adapter, the
enqueuing process is further optimized using push_bulk.
Please be aware that this new method introduces a separate event, enqueue_all.active_job,
and does not utilize the existing enqueue.active_job event. This ensures accurate tracking
and reporting of the bulk enqueuing process.
Composite primary keys are now supported at both the database and application level. Rails is able to derive these keys directly from the schema. This feature is particularly beneficial for many-to-many relationships and other complex data models where a single column is insufficient to uniquely identify a record.
The SQL generated by query methods in Active Record (e.g. #reload, #update, #delete) will contain all parts of the composite primary key. Methods like #first and #last will use the full composite primary key in the ORDER BY statements.
The query_constraints macro can be used as a "virtual primary key" to achieve the same behavior without modifying the database schema.
Example:
class TravelRoute < ActiveRecord::Base
query_constraints :origin, :destination
end
Similarly, associations accept a query_constraints: option. This option serves as a composite foreign key, configuring the list of columns used for accessing the associated record.
Example:
class TravelRouteReview < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :travel_route, query_constraints: [:travel_route_origin, :travel_route_destination]
end
TrilogyA new adapter has been introduced to facilitate the
seamless integration of Trilogy, a MySQL-compatible database client, with Rails applications.
Now, Rails applications have the option to incorporate Trilogy functionality by configuring their
config/database.yml file. For instance:
development:
adapter: trilogy
database: blog_development
pool: 5
Alternatively, integration can be achieved using the DATABASE_URL environment variable:
ENV["DATABASE_URL"] # => "trilogy://localhost/blog_development?pool=5"
ActiveSupport::MessagePackActiveSupport::MessagePack is a serializer that integrates with the
msgpack gem. ActiveSupport::MessagePack can serialize the basic Ruby
types supported by msgpack, as well as several additional types such as Time,
ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, and ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.
Compared to JSON and Marshal, ActiveSupport::MessagePack can reduce
payload size and improve performance.
ActiveSupport::MessagePack can be used as a message serializer:
config.active_support.message_serializer = :message_pack
# Or individually:
ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, serializer: :message_pack)
ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: :message_pack)
As the cookies serializer:
config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :message_pack
And as a cache serializer:
config.cache_store = :file_store, "tmp/cache", { serializer: :message_pack }
# Or individually:
ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:file_store, "tmp/cache", serializer: :message_pack)
config.autoload_lib and config.autoload_lib_once for Enhanced AutoloadingA new configuration method, config.autoload_lib(ignore:),
has been introduced. This method is used to enhance the autoload paths of applications by including the
lib directory, which is not included by default. Also, config.autoload_lib(ignore: %w(assets tasks))
is generated for new applications.
When invoked from either config/application.rb or config/environments/*.rb, this method adds the
lib directory to both config.autoload_paths and config.eager_load_paths. It's important to note
that this feature is not available for engines.
To ensure flexibility, the ignore keyword argument can be used to specify subdirectories within the
lib directory that should not be managed by the autoloaders. For instance, you can exclude directories
like assets, tasks, and generators by passing them to the ignore argument:
config.autoload_lib(ignore: %w(assets tasks generators))
The config.autoload_lib_once method is similar to
config.autoload_lib, except that it adds lib to config.autoload_once_paths instead.
Please, see more details in the autoloading guide
A significant enhancement has been introduced to the Active Record API, expanding its
support for asynchronous queries. This enhancement
addresses the need for more efficient handling of not-so-fast queries, particularly focusing on
aggregates (such as count, sum, etc.) and all methods returning a single record or anything
other than a Relation.
The new API includes the following asynchronous methods:
async_countasync_sumasync_minimumasync_maximumasync_averageasync_pluckasync_pickasync_idsasync_find_by_sqlasync_count_by_sqlHere's a brief example of how to use one of these methods, async_count, to count the number of published
posts in an asynchronous manner:
# Synchronous count
published_count = Post.where(published: true).count # => 10
# Asynchronous count
promise = Post.where(published: true).async_count # => #<ActiveRecord::Promise status=pending>
promise.value # => 10
These methods allow for the execution of these operations in an asynchronous manner, which can significantly improve performance for certain types of database queries.
localsIntroduce a new feature that allows templates to set explicit locals.
This enhancement provides greater control and clarity when passing variables to your templates.
By default, templates will accept any locals as keyword arguments. However, now you can define what locals a
template should accept by adding a locals magic comment at the beginning of your template file.
Here's how it works:
<%# locals: (message:) -%>
<%= message %>
You can also set default values for these locals:
<%# locals: (message: "Hello, world!") -%>
<%= message %>
Optional keyword arguments can be splatted:
<%# locals: (message: "Hello, world!", **attributes) -%>
<%= tag.p(message, **attributes) %>
If you want to disable the use of locals entirely, you can do so like this:
<%# locals: () %>
Action View will process the locals: magic comment in any templating engine that supports #-prefixed comments, and will read the magic comment from any line in the partial.
CAUTION: Only keyword arguments are supported. Defining positional or block arguments will raise an Action View Error at render-time.
Rails.application.deprecatorsThe new Rails.application.deprecators method returns a
collection of managed deprecators within your application, and allows you to add and retrieve individual
deprecators with ease:
Rails.application.deprecators[:my_gem] = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new("2.0", "MyGem")
Rails.application.deprecators[:other_gem] = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new("3.0", "OtherGem")
The collection's configuration settings affect all deprecators in the collection.
Rails.application.deprecators.debug = true
Rails.application.deprecators[:my_gem].debug
# => true
Rails.application.deprecators[:other_gem].debug
# => true
There are scenarios where you might want to mute all deprecator warnings for a specific block of code. With the deprecators collection, you can easily silence all deprecator warnings within a block:
Rails.application.deprecators.silence do
Rails.application.deprecators[:my_gem].warn # No warning (silenced)
Rails.application.deprecators[:other_gem].warn # No warning (silenced)
end
response.parsed_bodyWhen ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest tests blocks invoke
response.parsed_body for JSON responses, their payloads will be available with
indifferent access. This enables integration with Ruby's Pattern
Matching, and built-in Minitest support for pattern
matching:
get "/posts.json"
response.content_type # => "application/json; charset=utf-8"
response.parsed_body.class # => Array
response.parsed_body # => [{"id"=>42, "title"=>"Title"},...
assert_pattern { response.parsed_body => [{ id: 42 }] }
get "/posts/42.json"
response.content_type # => "application/json; charset=utf-8"
response.parsed_body.class # => ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
response.parsed_body # => {"id"=>42, "title"=>"Title"}
assert_pattern { response.parsed_body => [{ title: /title/i }] }
response.parsed_body to parse HTML with NokogiriExtend the ActionDispatch::Testing module to support parsing the
value of an HTML response.body into a Nokogiri::HTML5::Document instance:
get "/posts"
response.content_type # => "text/html; charset=utf-8"
response.parsed_body.class # => Nokogiri::HTML5::Document
response.parsed_body.to_html # => "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n..."
Newly added Nokogiri support for pattern matching, along with built-in Minitest support for pattern matching presents opportunities to make test assertions about the structure and content of the HTML response:
get "/posts"
html = response.parsed_body # => <html>
# <head></head>
# <body>
# <main><h1>Some main content</h1></main>
# </body>
# </html>
assert_pattern { html.at("main") => { content: "Some main content" } }
assert_pattern { html.at("main") => { content: /content/ } }
assert_pattern { html.at("main") => { children: [{ name: "h1", content: /content/ }] } }
ActionView::TestCase.register_parserExtend ActionView::TestCase to support parsing content rendered by
view partials into known structures. By default, define rendered_html to parse
HTML into a Nokogiri::XML::Node and rendered_json to parse JSON into an
ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess:
test "renders HTML" do
article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world")
render partial: "articles/article", locals: { article: article }
assert_pattern { rendered_html.at("main h1") => { content: "Hello, world" } }
end
test "renders JSON" do
article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world")
render formats: :json, partial: "articles/article", locals: { article: article }
assert_pattern { rendered_json => { title: "Hello, world" } }
end
To parse the rendered content into RSS, register a call to RSS::Parser.parse:
register_parser :rss, -> rendered { RSS::Parser.parse(rendered) }
test "renders RSS" do
article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world")
render formats: :rss, partial: article, locals: { article: article }
assert_equal "Hello, world", rendered_rss.items.last.title
end
To parse the rendered content into a Capybara::Simple::Node, re-register an
:html parser with a call to Capybara.string:
register_parser :html, -> rendered { Capybara.string(rendered) }
test "renders HTML" do
article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world")
render partial: article
rendered_html.assert_css "main h1", text: "Hello, world"
end
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Remove deprecated bin/rails secrets:setup command.
Remove default X-Download-Options header since it is used only by Internet Explorer.
Deprecate usage of Rails.application.secrets.
Deprecate secrets:show and secrets:edit commands in favor of credentials.
Deprecate Rails::Generators::Testing::Behaviour in favor of Rails::Generators::Testing::Behavior.
Add sandbox_by_default option to start rails console in sandbox mode by default.
Add new syntax for support filtering tests by line ranges.
Add DATABASE option that enables the specification of the target database when executing the
rails railties:install:migrations command to copy migrations.
Add support for Bun in rails new --javascript generator.
$ rails new my_new_app --javascript=bun
Add ability to show slow tests to the test runner.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Add capture_broadcasts test helper to capture all messages broadcasted in a block.
Add the ability to Redis pub/sub adapter to automatically reconnect when Redis connection is lost.
Add command callbacks before_command, after_command, and around_command to ActionCable::Connection::Base.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Remove deprecated behavior on Request#content_type
Remove deprecated ability to assign a single value to config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies.
Remove deprecated poltergeist and webkit (capybara-webkit) driver registration for system testing.
Deprecate config.action_dispatch.return_only_request_media_type_on_content_type.
Deprecate AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError.
Deprecate ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError.
Deprecate speaker, vibrate, and vr permissions policy directives.
Deprecate true and false values for config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions in favor of :all, :rescuable, or :none.
Add exclude? method to ActionController::Parameters. It is the inverse of include? method.
Add ActionController::Parameters#extract_value method to allow extracting serialized values from params.
Add the ability to use custom logic for storing and retrieving CSRF tokens.
Add html and screenshot kwargs for system test screenshot helper.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Remove deprecated constant ActionView::Path.
Remove deprecated support to passing instance variables as locals to partials.
checkbox_tag and radio_button_tag now accept checked as a keyword argument.
Add picture_tag helper to generate HTML <picture> tags.
The simple_format helper now handles a :sanitize_options feature, allowing the addition of extra
options for the sanitize process.
simple_format("<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://example.com\">Continue</a>", {}, { sanitize_options: { attributes: %w[target href] } })
# => "<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://example.com\">Continue</a></p>"
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Deprecate config.action_mailer.preview_path.
Deprecate passing params to assert_enqueued_email_with via the :args kwarg.
Now supports a :params kwarg, so use that to pass params.
Add config.action_mailer.preview_paths to support multiple preview paths.
Add capture_emails in the test helper to capture all emails sent in a block.
Add deliver_enqueued_emails to ActionMailer::TestHelper to deliver all enqueued email jobs.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Remove support for ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling.
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base config accessors
Remove support for :include_replicas on configs_for. Use :include_hidden instead.
Remove deprecated config.active_record.partial_writes.
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file_type.
Remove --no-comments flag in structure dumps for PostgreSQL.
Deprecate name argument on #remove_connection.
Deprecate check_pending! in favor of check_all_pending!.
Deprecate deferrable: true option of add_foreign_key in favor of deferrable: :immediate.
Deprecate TestFixtures#fixture_path in favor of TestFixtures#fixture_paths.
Deprecate delegation from Base to connection_handler.
Deprecate config.active_record.suppress_multiple_database_warning.
Deprecate using ActiveSupport::Duration as an interpolated bind parameter in an SQL
string template.
Deprecate all_connection_pools and make connection_pool_list more explicit.
Deprecate read_attribute(:id) returning the primary key if the primary key is not :id.
Deprecate rewhere argument on #merge.
Deprecate aliasing non-attributes with alias_attribute.
Add TestFixtures#fixture_paths to support multiple fixture paths.
Add authenticate_by when using has_secure_password.
Add update_attribute! to ActiveRecord::Persistence, which is similar to update_attribute
but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved when a before_* callback throws :abort.
Allow using aliased attributes with insert_all/upsert_all.
Add :include option to add_index.
Add #regroup query method as a short-hand for .unscope(:group).group(fields).
Add support for auto-populated columns, and custom primary keys to the SQLite3 adapter.
Add modern, performant defaults for SQLite3 database connections.
Allow specifying where clauses with column-tuple syntax.
Topic.where([:title, :author_name] => [["The Alchemist", "Paulo Coelho"], ["Harry Potter", "J.K Rowling"]])
Auto generated index names are now limited to 62 bytes, which fits within the default index name length limits for MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite.
Introduce adapter for Trilogy database client.
Add ActiveRecord.disconnect_all! method to immediately close all connections from all pools.
Add PostgreSQL migration commands for enum rename, add value, and rename value.
Add ActiveRecord::Base#id_value alias to access the raw value of a record's id column.
Add validation option for enum.
The default hash digest for ActiveRecord::Encryption, used for attributes defined with encrypts, is now SHA256, changed from SHA1 in the default configuration. These defaults also include support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption = false which can lead to apps being unable to decrypt data encrypted with the old default hash digest if data is not re-encrypted.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Remove deprecated invalid default content types in Active Storage configurations.
Remove deprecated ActiveStorage::Current#host and ActiveStorage::Current#host= methods.
Remove deprecated behavior when assigning to a collection of attachments. Instead of appending to the collection, the collection is now replaced.
Remove deprecated purge and purge_later methods from the attachments association.
ActiveStorage::Analyzer::AudioAnalyzer now outputs sample_rate and tags in the output metadata hash.
Add the option to utilize predefined variants when invoking the preview or representation methods on an
attachment.
preprocessed option is added when declaring variants to preprocess variants.
Add the ability to destroy Active Storage variants.
User.first.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]).destroy
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Add support for infinite ranges to LengthValidators :in/:within options.
validates_length_of :first_name, in: ..30
Add support for beginless ranges to inclusivity/exclusivity validators.
validates_inclusion_of :birth_date, in: -> { (..Date.today) }
validates_exclusion_of :birth_date, in: -> { (..Date.today) }
Add support for password challenges to has_secure_password. When set, validate that the password
challenge matches the persisted password_digest.
Allow validators to accept lambdas without record argument.
# Before
validates_comparison_of :birth_date, less_than_or_equal_to: ->(_record) { Date.today }
# After
validates_comparison_of :birth_date, less_than_or_equal_to: -> { Date.today }
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Remove deprecated override of Enumerable#sum.
Remove deprecated ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry.
Remove deprecated option to passing a format to #to_s in Array, Range, Date, DateTime, Time,
BigDecimal, Float and, Integer.
Remove deprecated override of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.name.
Remove deprecated active_support/core_ext/uri file.
Remove deprecated active_support/core_ext/range/include_time_with_zone file.
Remove implicit conversion of objects into String by ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.
Remove deprecated support to generate incorrect RFC 4122 UUIDs when providing a namespace ID that is not one of the
constants defined on Digest::UUID.
Deprecate config.active_support.disable_to_s_conversion.
Deprecate config.active_support.remove_deprecated_time_with_zone_name.
Deprecate config.active_support.use_rfc4122_namespaced_uuids.
Deprecate SafeBuffer#clone_empty.
Deprecate usage of the singleton ActiveSupport::Deprecation.
Deprecate initializing a ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore with an instance of Dalli::Client.
Deprecate Notification::Event's #children and #parent_of? methods.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
QueAdapter.Add perform_all_later to enqueue multiple jobs at once.
Add --parent option to job generator to specify parent class of job.
Add after_discard method to ActiveJob::Base to run a callback when a job is about to be discarded.
Add support for logging background job enqueue callers via config.active_job.verbose_enqueue_logs.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
Add X-Forwarded-To addresses to recipients.
Add bounce_now_with method to ActionMailbox::Base to send the bounce email without going through a
mailer queue.
Please refer to the Changelog for detailed changes.
See the full list of contributors to Rails for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.