docs/source/notes/extending.func.rst
.. _func-autograd-function:
.. currentmodule:: torch.autograd
So you'd like to use :class:torch.autograd.Function with the :mod:torch.func
transforms like :func:torch.vmap, :func:torch.func.grad, etc.
There are two main use cases:
torch.autograd.Function's
forward/backward/etc calls into functions from other systems like C++, CUDA, numpy.custom_vjp/custom_jvp <https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/notebooks/Custom_derivative_rules_for_Python_code.html>_PyTorch combines both of these concepts into :class:torch.autograd.Function.
This guide assumes you are familiar with :ref:extending-autograd,
which explains how to use :class:torch.autograd.Function.
:class:torch.autograd.Function can either have a :meth:~Function.forward that accepts a ctx object,
or it can have separate :meth:~Function.forward (that does not accept ctx) and a :meth:~Function.setup_context
staticmethod that modifies the ctx object.
Only the latter is supported with function transforms:
~Function.forward is the code that performs the operation and it should not accept
a ctx object.setup_context(ctx, inputs, output) is the code where you can
call methods on ctx. Here is where you should save Tensors for backward
(by calling ctx.save_for_backward(*tensors)), or save non-Tensors
(by assigning them to the ctx object).Because :meth:~Function.setup_context accepts only inputs and output,
the only quantities that can be saved are either objects (such as Tensors) in
the inputs or outputs or quantities (like Tensor.shape) derived from them.
If you wish to save a non-input intermediate activation from
:meth:Function.forward for backward, then you'll need to return it as an
output from :meth:~Function.forward so that it gets passed to
:meth:~Function.setup_context.
Depending on the transform,
torch.func.grad, :func:torch.func.vjp),
the :class:torch.autograd.Function needs a :meth:~Function.backward staticmethod.torch.vmap, the :class:torch.autograd.Function needs a :meth:~Function.vmap staticmethod.torch.func.jvp, the :class:torch.autograd.Function needs a :meth:~Function.jvp staticmethod.torch.func.jacrev,
:func:torch.func.jacfwd, :func:torch.func.hessian) -- you may need multiple
of the above.In order for the :class:torch.autograd.Function to be arbitrarily composable with function
transforms, we recommend that all other staticmethods other than :meth:~Function.forward and
:meth:~Function.setup_context must be transformable: that is, they must consist of only PyTorch
operators or call other :class:torch.autograd.Function (that may call into C++/CUDA/etc).
Let's go over some examples of common use cases.
Example 1: autograd.Function calls into another system ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A common case is a :class:torch.autograd.Function with both forward() and backward() calling
into another system (like C++, CUDA, numpy, triton).
::
import torch
import numpy as np
def to_numpy(tensor):
return tensor.cpu().numpy()
class NumpySort(torch.autograd.Function):
# Note that forward does not take ctx
@staticmethod
def forward(x, dim):
device = x.device
x = to_numpy(x)
ind = np.argsort(x, axis=dim)
ind_inv = np.argsort(ind, axis=dim)
result = np.take_along_axis(x, ind, axis=dim)
# Any intermediates to be saved in backward must be returned as
# outputs.
return (
# The desired output
torch.tensor(result, device=device),
# intermediate to save for backward
torch.tensor(ind, device=device),
# intermediate to save for backward
torch.tensor(ind_inv, device=device),
)
# setup_context is responsible for calling methods and/or assigning to
# the ctx object. Please do not do additional compute (e.g. add
# Tensors together) in setup_context.
@staticmethod
def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
x, dim = inputs
# Note that output is whatever you returned from forward.
# If you returned multiple values, then output is a Tuple of multiple values.
# If you returned a single Tensor, then output is a Tensor.
# If you returned a Tuple with a single Tensor, then output is a
# Tuple with a single Tensor.
_, ind, ind_inv = output
ctx.mark_non_differentiable(ind, ind_inv)
# Tensors must be saved via ctx.save_for_backward. Please do not
# assign them directly onto the ctx object.
ctx.save_for_backward(ind, ind_inv)
# Non-tensors may be saved by assigning them as attributes on the ctx object.
ctx.dim = dim
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output, _0, _1):
# For the autograd.Function to be arbitrarily composable with function
# transforms, all staticmethod other than forward and setup_context
# must be implemented in a "transformable" way; that is, they must
# only consist of PyTorch operations or autograd.Function.
#
# For example, this allows us to do double backwards and/or compute
# second order gradients.
#
# We've written the backward pass of NumpySort in terms of another
# autograd.Function, NumpyTake.
ind, ind_inv = ctx.saved_tensors
return NumpyTake.apply(grad_output, ind_inv, ind, ctx.dim), None
class NumpyTake(torch.autograd.Function):
@staticmethod
def forward(x, ind, ind_inv, dim):
device = x.device
x = to_numpy(x)
ind = to_numpy(ind)
return torch.tensor(np.take_along_axis(x, ind, dim), device=device)
@staticmethod
def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
x, ind, ind_inv, dim = inputs
ctx.save_for_backward(ind, ind_inv)
ctx.dim = dim
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output):
ind, ind_inv = ctx.saved_tensors
result = NumpyTake.apply(grad_output, ind_inv, ind, ctx.dim)
return result, None, None, None
Now, to make it easier to use NumpySort (to hide away the intermediates we
returned as outputs, as well as allow default args and kwargs), we create a new
function that invokes it::
def numpy_sort(x, dim=-1):
result, _, _ = NumpySort.apply(x, dim)
return result
And here's a sanity check::
x = torch.randn(2, 3)
grad_x = torch.func.grad(lambda x: numpy_sort(x).sum())(x)
assert torch.allclose(grad_x, torch.ones_like(x))
Example 2: autograd.Function specifies custom gradient rules ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Another common case is an :class:torch.autograd.Function that is implemented with PyTorch
operations. PyTorch is able to compute gradients for PyTorch operations automatically,
but perhaps we wish to customize how the gradients are computed. Some reasons why
we may want a custom backward different from the one PyTorch gives us are:
Here's an example of an :class:torch.autograd.Function for the function y = x ** 3 where we
change the performance characteristics (some computation that would normally happen
during the backward pass, computing dx, happens in the forward pass).
::
class MyCube(torch.autograd.Function): @staticmethod def forward(x): result = x ** 3 # In regular PyTorch, if we had just run y = x ** 3, then the backward # pass computes dx = 3 * x ** 2. In this autograd.Function, we've done # that computation here in the forward pass instead. dx = 3 * x ** 2 return result, dx
@staticmethod
def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
x, = inputs
result, dx = output
ctx.save_for_backward(x, dx)
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output, grad_dx):
x, dx = ctx.saved_tensors
# In order for the autograd.Function to work with higher-order
# gradients, we must add the gradient contribution of `dx`.
result = grad_output * dx + grad_dx * 6 * x
return result
Now, to make it easier to use NumpySort (and hide away the intermediates we
returned as outputs) we create a new function that invokes it::
def my_cube(x):
result, _ = MyCube.apply(x)
return result
Here's a sanity check computing the second-order gradients::
x = torch.randn([])
ggx = torch.func.grad(torch.func.grad(my_cube))(x)
assert torch.allclose(ggx, 6 * x)
Limitations and gotchas ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. warning::
Please read these limitations of :class:`torch.autograd.Function` with torch.func transforms
carefully. We are not able to catch many of these situations and error out
gracefully so they will lead to undefined behavior.
Please do not capture Tensors that are being transformed over, have
requires_grad=True, or are dual tensors, into the methods of the
:class:torch.autograd.Function. The way to be completely safe is to ensure that the only
Tensors being used inside any method of the :class:torch.autograd.Function must be directly
passed as inputs (or via the ctx object) rather than come from outside
the :class:torch.autograd.Function.
:class:torch.autograd.Function does not handle Tensors in pytrees (arbitrary nested
Python data structures that may or may not contain Tensors). For
those Tensors to be tracked by autograd, they must be passed directly as
an argument to :class:torch.autograd.Function. This is in contrast to
jax.{custom_vjp, custom_jvp}, which do accept pytrees.
Please only use :meth:~torch.autograd.function.FunctionCtx.save_for_backward or
:meth:~torch.autograd.function.FunctionCtx.save_for_forward to save Tensors.
Please do not assign Tensors or collections of Tensors directly onto the ctx object -
these Tensors will not get tracked
torch.vmap SupportTo use an :class:torch.autograd.Function with :func:torch.vmap, you must either:
~Function.vmap staticmethod that tells us the behavior of the :class:torch.autograd.Function
under :func:torch.vmapgenerate_vmap_rule=True.Automatically generate a vmap rule ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If your :class:torch.autograd.Function fulfills the following additional constraints, then we
are able to generate a vmap rule for it. If it doesn't fulfill the constraints or if you
want custom behavior under vmap, please manually define a vmap staticmethod (see next section).
.. warning::
We are not easily able to check for the following constraints and error
out gracefully. Violation of the constraints may lead to undefined
behavior.
torch.autograd.Function's :meth:~Function.forward, :meth:~Function.backward (if it exists) and :meth:~Function.jvp
(if it exists) staticmethods must be transformable via :func:torch.vmap. That
is, they must consist of only PyTorch operations (as opposed to e.g. NumPy or custom
CUDA kernels).Example::
class MyCube(torch.autograd.Function):
# Set generate_vmap_rule to True to ask PyTorch to automatically generate
# a vmap rule.
generate_vmap_rule = True
@staticmethod
def forward(x):
result = x ** 3
dx = 3 * x ** 2
return result, dx
@staticmethod
def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
x, = inputs
result, dx = output
ctx.save_for_backward(x, dx)
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output, grad_dx):
x, dx = ctx.saved_tensors
result = grad_output * dx + grad_dx * 6 * x
return result
def my_cube(x):
result, dx = MyCube.apply(x)
return result
x = torch.randn(3)
result = torch.vmap(my_cube)(x)
assert torch.allclose(result, x ** 3)
Defining the vmap staticmethod ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If your :class:torch.autograd.Function calls into another system (like NumPy, C++, CUDA, triton),
then to get it to work with :func:torch.vmap or transforms that use it, you'll
need to manually define a :meth:~Function.vmap staticmethod.
Depending on what transforms you want to use and your use case, you may not need
to add a :meth:~Function.vmap staticmethod to all of your :class:torch.autograd.Function:
torch.func.jacrev performs :func:~torch.vmap over the backward pass.
So if you're only interested in using :func:torch.func.jacrev, only
the :meth:~Function.backward staticmethod needs to be vmappable.We do recommend ensuring all of your :class:torch.autograd.Function have support for
:func:torch.vmap though, especially if you are writing a third-party library and you want your
:class:torch.autograd.Function to work with all combinations of :func:torch.func transforms.
Conceptually, the vmap staticmethod is responsible for defining how the :meth:~Function.forward
should behave under :func:torch.vmap. That is, it defines how to transform
the :meth:~Function.forward to run over inputs with an additional dimension (the dimension
being vmapped over). This is similar to how :func:torch.vmap is implemented over
PyTorch operations: for each operation, we define a vmap rule (sometimes also
referred to as a "batching rule").
Here's how to define the :meth:~Function.vmap staticmethod:
vmap(info, in_dims: Tuple[Optional[int]], *args), where
*args is the same as the args to :meth:~Function.forward.~Function.forward should behave
under :func:torch.vmap. That is, given inputs with an additional dimension
(specified by in_dims), how do we compute the batched version of :meth:~Function.forward?args, in_dims has a corresponding Optional[int].
It is None if the arg is not a Tensor or if the arg is not being vmapped over,
otherwise, it is an integer specifying what dimension of the Tensor is being vmapped
over.info is a collection of additional metadata that may be helpful:
info.batch_size specifies the size of the dimension being vmapped over, while
info.randomness is the randomness option that was passed to :func:torch.vmap.(output, out_dims). Similar
to in_dims, out_dims should be of the same structure as output and contain
one out_dim per output that specifies if the output has the vmapped
dimension and what index it is in.Example::
def to_numpy(tensor):
return tensor.cpu().numpy()
class NumpySort(torch.autograd.Function):
@staticmethod
def forward(x, dim):
device = x.device
x = to_numpy(x)
ind = np.argsort(x, axis=dim)
ind_inv = np.argsort(ind, axis=dim)
result = np.take_along_axis(x, ind, axis=dim)
return (
torch.tensor(result, device=device),
torch.tensor(ind, device=device),
torch.tensor(ind_inv, device=device),
)
@staticmethod
def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
x, dim = inputs
_, ind, ind_inv = output
ctx.mark_non_differentiable(ind, ind_inv)
ctx.save_for_backward(ind, ind_inv)
ctx.dim = dim
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output, _0, _1):
ind, ind_inv = ctx.saved_tensors
return NumpyTake.apply(grad_output, ind_inv, ind, ctx.dim), None
# The signature of the vmap staticmethod is:
# vmap(info, in_dims: Tuple[Optional[int]], *args)
# where *args is the same as the arguments to `forward`.
@staticmethod
def vmap(info, in_dims, x, dim):
# For every input (x and dim), in_dims stores an Optional[int]
# that is:
# - None if the input is not being vmapped over or if the input
# is not a Tensor
# - an integer if the input is being vmapped over that represents
# the index of the dimension being vmapped over.
x_bdim, _ = in_dims
# A "vmap rule" is the logic of how to perform the operation given
# inputs with one additional dimension. In NumpySort, x has an
# additional dimension (x_bdim). The vmap rule is simply
# to call NumpySort again but pass it a different `dim`.
x = x.movedim(x_bdim, 0)
# Handle negative dims correctly
dim = dim if dim >= 0 else dim + x.dim() - 1
result = NumpySort.apply(x, dim + 1)
# The vmap rule must return a tuple of two things
# 1. the output. Should be the same amount of things
# as returned by the forward().
# 2. one Optional[int] for each output specifying if each output
# is being vmapped over, and if so, the index of the
# dimension being vmapped over.
#
# NumpySort.forward returns a Tuple of 3 Tensors. Since we moved the
# dimension being vmapped over to the front of `x`, that appears at
# dimension 0 of all outputs.
# The return is (output, out_dims) -- output is a tuple of 3 Tensors
# and out_dims is a Tuple of 3 Optional[int]
return NumpySort.apply(x, dim + 1), (0, 0, 0)
class NumpyTake(torch.autograd.Function):
@staticmethod
def forward(x, ind, ind_inv, dim):
device = x.device
x = to_numpy(x)
ind = to_numpy(ind)
return torch.tensor(np.take_along_axis(x, ind, dim), device=device)
@staticmethod
def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
x, ind, ind_inv, dim = inputs
ctx.save_for_backward(ind, ind_inv)
ctx.dim = dim
@staticmethod
def backward(ctx, grad_output):
ind, ind_inv = ctx.saved_tensors
result = NumpyTake.apply(grad_output, ind_inv, ind, ctx.dim)
return result, None, None, None
@staticmethod
def vmap(info, in_dims, x, ind, ind_inv, dim):
x_bdim, ind_bdim, ind_inv_bdim, _ = in_dims
# The strategy is: expand {x, ind, ind_inv} to all have the dimension
# being vmapped over.
# Then, call back into NumpyTake(expanded_x, expanded_ind, expanded_ind_inv, new_dim).
# Handle negative dims by wrapping them to be positive
logical_dim = x.dim() if x_bdim is None else x_bdim - 1
dim = dim if dim >= 0 else dim + logical_dim
def maybe_expand_bdim_at_front(x, x_bdim):
if x_bdim is None:
return x.expand(info.batch_size, *x.shape)
return x.movedim(x_bdim, 0)
# If the Tensor doesn't have the dimension being vmapped over,
# expand it out. Otherwise, move it to the front of the Tensor
x = maybe_expand_bdim_at_front(x, x_bdim)
ind = maybe_expand_bdim_at_front(ind, ind_bdim)
ind_inv = maybe_expand_bdim_at_front(ind_inv, ind_inv_bdim)
# The return is a tuple (output, out_dims). Since output is a Tensor,
# then out_dims is an Optional[int] (instead of being a Tuple).
return NumpyTake.apply(x, ind, ind_inv, dim + 1), 0
def numpy_sort(x, dim=-1):
result, _, _ = NumpySort.apply(x, dim)
return result
x = torch.randn(2, 3)
result = torch.vmap(numpy_sort)(x)
assert torch.allclose(result, numpy_sort(result, 1))
.. note::
The vmap staticmethod should aim to preserve the semantics of the
entire :class:`~torch.autograd.Function`. That is, (pseudocode) ``grad(vmap(MyFunc))``
should be replaceable with a ``grad(map(MyFunc))``.
If your autograd.Function has any custom behavior in the backward pass, please
keep this in mind.
.. note::
It is a legitimate use case to write a custom vmap staticmethod for a
:class:`~torch.autograd.Function` that PyTorch is able to generate a vmap
rule for via ``generate_vmap_rule=True``. You may wish to do this if the
generated vmap rule doesn't have the semantics you're looking for.
torch.func.jvp SupportTo support forward-mode AD, a :class:torch.autograd.Function must have a :meth:~Function.jvp staticmethod.
Please see :ref:forward-ad-autograd-function for details.