Releasing

Version tags are created by a maintainer, on their own machine, as signed annotated tags. They are deliberately not created by CI: the tag signature is the one link in the release chain that does not depend on trusting GitHub's infrastructure, so the key that makes it must never live in Actions secrets. See #13578.

Steps

Run the Create release PR workflow (create-release-pr.yml) for the target branch. It bumps versions, consumes the pending changesets, and opens a release-pr/<base> PR.
Review and merge that PR.

Fetch the merge commit and tag each product whose version changed. Tag names must match what release.yml expects — v<version> for the pnpm CLIs, pnpr@<version> for pnpr:

Product	Manifest	Tag prefix
pnpm (TypeScript)	`pnpm11/pnpm/package.json`	`v`
pacquet (Rust)	`pnpm/npm/pnpm/package.json`	`v`
pnpr	`pnpr/npm/pnpr/package.json`	`pnpr@`

bash

git fetch origin
SHA=<merge-commit-sha>          # the commit the release PR merged as
git checkout "$SHA"

# Read each version from the manifest at that exact commit, and tag that
# commit explicitly. Always pass the target commit: a bare `git tag -s <name>`
# signs whatever HEAD happens to be, which is how a version tag ends up
# naming code that was never reviewed as part of this release.
tags=(
  "v$(git show "$SHA:pnpm11/pnpm/package.json" | jq -r .version)"
  "v$(git show "$SHA:pnpm/npm/pnpm/package.json" | jq -r .version)"
  "pnpr@$(git show "$SHA:pnpr/npm/pnpr/package.json" | jq -r .version)"
)

# Keep only the products whose version actually changed this release —
# drop the rest from the array before tagging.
for tag in "${tags[@]}"; do
  git tag -s "$tag" -m "$tag" "$SHA"
done

-s is what makes the tag verifiable; a lightweight tag (plain git tag <name>) has no object to carry a signature, and git verify-tag fails on it with cannot verify a non-tag object of type commit.

Verify every tag you just created before pushing — a multi-product release must not leave one of its tags unchecked, and a pnpr-only release has no v<version> tag at all. release.yml rejects an unsigned tag anyway, but catching it here saves a failed run:
bash
```
for tag in "${tags[@]}"; do git verify-tag "$tag"; done
```
Push. Each tag push starts a release.yml run for the product it names, and several tags pushed together release in parallel:
bash
```
git push origin "${tags[@]}"
```

Reruns and partial releases

release.yml's plan job asks npm whether each product's gate package is already published — the one that product's publish job publishes last (pnpm for both CLIs, @pnpm/pnpr for pnpr) — and skips the product entirely if it is. A release that ran to completion is therefore a no-op on rerun.

When a run fails and the fix is a code change, commit the fix, move the tag to the new commit and push it again:

bash

TAG=v<version>        # or pnpr@<version> — use the tag of the product that failed
FIXED=<sha-of-the-fix-commit>

git push origin ":refs/tags/$TAG"     # drop the remote tag
git tag -d "$TAG"
git tag -s "$TAG" -m "$TAG" "$FIXED"  # re-sign, at the fixed commit explicitly
git verify-tag "$TAG"
git push origin "$TAG"

Pass $FIXED rather than letting git tag -s default to HEAD: the tag is what release.yml builds and publishes from, so a tag that accidentally names the wrong commit ships unreviewed code under a released version number.

Re-creating the tag this way changes the ref, which fires a push event and starts a fresh run. The tag must be re-signed — git tag -f without -s would quietly replace a signed tag with an unsigned one, which release.yml now rejects outright.

Pushing a tag that is already on the remote unchanged is a different matter: it is a no-op, fires no event, and starts no run. To rerun the same commit without moving the tag, re-run the failed run from the Actions UI, or dispatch the workflow against the release tag itself — validate-release-ref rejects a dispatch from a branch, so dispatching from the default branch publishes nothing.

Either way, because the gate package is published last, a run that failed partway leaves the gate unpublished, so the plan job picks the product up again. But the packages that did publish before the failure are immutable on npm and cannot be republished at the same version — read the failed run's logs to see how far it got. If the fix has to change something already published, the release needs a new version rather than a retry.

Moving a tag is only safe while the release is still failing. Once a release has completed and been announced, the tag is what downstream packagers verify and pin, so it must never be moved.

How the signature is enforced

The signed-tag rule is not a convention. release.yml's verify-release-tag job imports the public keys committed under .github/release-keys/ into a throwaway keyring and runs git verify-tag on the pushed tag. Every publish path descends from plan, and plan descends from that job, so a tag that is lightweight, annotated but unsigned, or signed by any key outside that directory cannot reach a publish step.

This matters because removing the workflow that used to create tags stops CI from making unsigned tags, but on its own would not stop a compromised workflow or a token with tag scope from pushing one and triggering a release.

To add or rotate a maintainer, commit their armored public key to .github/release-keys/ in a reviewed PR. That directory is the release trust root: anyone whose key lands there can cut a release.

Signing setup

A maintainer cutting releases needs a PGP key configured for git and registered with GitHub:

bash

git config --global user.signingkey <fingerprint>
git config --global tag.gpgsign true      # sign tags by default
git config --global commit.gpgsign true   # sign commits by default

# Register the public key so GitHub shows commits and tags as Verified.
gpg --armor --export <fingerprint> | gh gpg-key add -

The key's user ID must carry the same email as user.email, and that address must be verified on the GitHub account — otherwise the signature is valid but GitHub still renders it Unverified.

Known gap

The release commit itself is created by create-release-pr.yml and merged through GitHub, so it carries GitHub's web-flow signature rather than a maintainer's. The signed tag covers the tree, but the full commit chain is not yet maintainer-signed end to end.