Exploring the Lorenz System of Differential Equations

In this Notebook we explore the Lorenz system of differential equations:

$$ \begin{aligned} \dot{x} & = \sigma(y-x) \ \dot{y} & = \rho x - y - xz \ \dot{z} & = -\beta z + xy \end{aligned} $$

This is one of the classic systems in non-linear differential equations. It exhibits a range of different behaviors as the parameters ($\sigma$, $\beta$, $\rho$) are varied.

Imports

First, we import the needed things from IPython, NumPy, Matplotlib and SciPy.

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%matplotlib inline

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from ipywidgets import interactive
from IPython.display import display

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import numpy as np
from scipy import integrate

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

Computing the trajectories and plotting the result

We define a function that can integrate the differential equations numerically and then plot the solutions. This function has arguments that control the parameters of the differential equation ($\sigma$, $\beta$, $\rho$), the numerical integration (N, max_time) and the visualization (angle).

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def solve_lorenz(N=10, angle=0.0, max_time=4.0, sigma=10.0, beta=8.0 / 3, rho=28.0):
    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1], projection="3d")
    ax.axis("off")

    # prepare the axes limits
    ax.set_xlim((-25, 25))
    ax.set_ylim((-35, 35))
    ax.set_zlim((5, 55))

    def lorenz_deriv(x_y_z, t0, sigma=sigma, beta=beta, rho=rho):
        """Compute the time-derivative of a Lorenz system."""
        x, y, z = x_y_z
        return [sigma * (y - x), x * (rho - z) - y, x * y - beta * z]

    # Choose random starting points, uniformly distributed from -15 to 15
    np.random.seed(1)
    x0 = -15 + 30 * np.random.random((N, 3))

    # Solve for the trajectories
    t = np.linspace(0, max_time, int(250 * max_time))
    x_t = np.asarray([integrate.odeint(lorenz_deriv, x0i, t) for x0i in x0])

    # choose a different color for each trajectory
    colors = plt.cm.viridis(np.linspace(0, 1, N))

    for i in range(N):
        x, y, z = x_t[i, :, :].T
        lines = ax.plot(x, y, z, "-", c=colors[i])
        plt.setp(lines, linewidth=2)

    ax.view_init(30, angle)
    plt.show()

    return t, x_t

Let's call the function once to view the solutions. For this set of parameters, we see the trajectories swirling around two points, called attractors.

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t, x_t = solve_lorenz(angle=0, N=10)

Using IPython's interactive function, we can explore how the trajectories behave as we change the various parameters.

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w = interactive(
    solve_lorenz,
    angle=(0.0, 360.0),
    max_time=(0.1, 4.0),
    N=(0, 50),
    sigma=(0.0, 50.0),
    rho=(0.0, 50.0),
)
display(w)

The object returned by interactive is a Widget object and it has attributes that contain the current result and arguments:

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t, x_t = w.result

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w.kwargs

After interacting with the system, we can take the result and perform further computations. In this case, we compute the average positions in $x$, $y$ and $z$.

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xyz_avg = x_t.mean(axis=1)

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xyz_avg.shape

Creating histograms of the average positions (across different trajectories) show that on average the trajectories swirl about the attractors.

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plt.hist(xyz_avg[:, 0])
plt.title("Average $x(t)$");

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plt.hist(xyz_avg[:, 1])
plt.title("Average $y(t)$");