TypeBox

TypeBox is a TypeScript-first schema library. OpenClaw uses it to define the Gateway WebSocket protocol (handshake, request/response, server events). Those schemas drive runtime validation (AJV), JSON Schema export, and Swift codegen for the macOS app. One source of truth; everything else is generated.

For the higher-level protocol context, start with Gateway architecture.

Mental model (30 seconds)

Every Gateway WS message is one of three frames:

• Request: { type: "req", id, method, params }
• Response: { type: "res", id, ok, payload | error }
• Event: { type: "event", event, payload, seq?, stateVersion? }

The first frame must be a connect request. After that, clients call methods (e.g. health, send, chat.send) and subscribe to events (e.g. presence, tick, agent).

Connection flow (minimal):

Client                    Gateway
  |---- req:connect -------->|
  |<---- res:hello-ok --------|
  |<---- event:tick ----------|
  |---- req:health ---------->|
  |<---- res:health ----------|

Common methods and events:

The authoritative advertised discovery inventory lives in src/gateway/server-methods-list.ts (listGatewayMethods, GATEWAY_EVENTS).

Where the schemas live

• Source barrel: packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema.ts re-exports domain modules under packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/*.ts (frames.ts for the top-level envelopes and handshake, agent.ts, sessions.ts, cron.ts, etc. per feature area). protocol-schemas.ts is the central ProtocolSchemas registry mapping schema names to their TypeBox definitions.
• Runtime validators (AJV): packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.ts
• Advertised feature/discovery registry: src/gateway/server-methods-list.ts
• Server handshake and method dispatch: src/gateway/server.impl.ts
• Node client: src/gateway/client.ts
• Generated JSON Schema: dist/protocol.schema.json (build output, not committed)
• Generated Swift models: apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawProtocol/GatewayModels.swift

Current pipeline

• pnpm protocol:gen writes JSON Schema (draft-07) to dist/protocol.schema.json.
• pnpm protocol:gen:swift generates the Swift gateway models.
• pnpm protocol:check runs both generators and verifies the Swift output is committed (the JSON Schema output is a gitignored build artifact).

How the schemas are used at runtime

• Server side: every inbound frame is validated with AJV. The handshake only accepts a connect request whose params match ConnectParams.
• Client side: the JS client validates event and response frames before using them.
• Feature discovery: the Gateway sends a conservative features.methods and features.events list in hello-ok, from listGatewayMethods() and GATEWAY_EVENTS.
• That discovery list is not a generated dump of every callable helper in coreGatewayHandlers; some helper RPCs are implemented in src/gateway/server-methods/*.ts without being enumerated in the advertised feature list.

Example frames

Connect (first message):

{
  "type": "req",
  "id": "c1",
  "method": "connect",
  "params": {
    "minProtocol": 3,
    "maxProtocol": 4,
    "client": {
      "id": "openclaw-macos",
      "displayName": "macos",
      "version": "1.0.0",
      "platform": "macos 15.1",
      "mode": "ui",
      "instanceId": "A1B2"
    }
  }
}

Hello-ok response:

{
  "type": "res",
  "id": "c1",
  "ok": true,
  "payload": {
    "type": "hello-ok",
    "protocol": 4,
    "server": { "version": "dev", "connId": "ws-1" },
    "features": { "methods": ["health"], "events": ["tick"] },
    "snapshot": {
      "presence": [],
      "health": {},
      "stateVersion": { "presence": 0, "health": 0 },
      "uptimeMs": 0
    },
    "auth": { "role": "operator", "scopes": ["operator.read"] },
    "policy": { "maxPayload": 1048576, "maxBufferedBytes": 1048576, "tickIntervalMs": 30000 }
  }
}

Request and response:

{ "type": "req", "id": "r1", "method": "health" }

{ "type": "res", "id": "r1", "ok": true, "payload": { "ok": true } }

Event:

{ "type": "event", "event": "tick", "payload": { "ts": 1730000000 }, "seq": 12 }

Minimal client (Node.js)

Smallest useful flow: connect + health.

import { WebSocket } from "ws";

const ws = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:18789");

ws.on("open", () => {
  ws.send(
    JSON.stringify({
      type: "req",
      id: "c1",
      method: "connect",
      params: {
        minProtocol: 4,
        maxProtocol: 4,
        client: {
          id: "cli",
          displayName: "example",
          version: "dev",
          platform: "node",
          mode: "cli",
        },
      },
    }),
  );
});

ws.on("message", (data) => {
  const msg = JSON.parse(String(data));
  if (msg.type === "res" && msg.id === "c1" && msg.ok) {
    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: "req", id: "h1", method: "health" }));
  }
  if (msg.type === "res" && msg.id === "h1") {
    console.log("health:", msg.payload);
    ws.close();
  }
});

Worked example: add a method end-to-end

Example: add a new system.echo request that returns { ok: true, text }.

1. Schema (source of truth)

Add to packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/system.ts (or the closest matching feature module):

export const SystemEchoParamsSchema = Type.Object(
  { text: NonEmptyString },
  { additionalProperties: false },
);

export const SystemEchoResultSchema = Type.Object(
  { ok: Type.Boolean(), text: NonEmptyString },
  { additionalProperties: false },
);

Import both into packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/protocol-schemas.ts, add them to the ProtocolSchemas registry, and export the derived types:

  SystemEchoParams: SystemEchoParamsSchema,
  SystemEchoResult: SystemEchoResultSchema,

export type SystemEchoParams = Static<typeof SystemEchoParamsSchema>;
export type SystemEchoResult = Static<typeof SystemEchoResultSchema>;

2. Validation

In packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.ts, export an AJV validator:

export const validateSystemEchoParams = ajv.compile(SystemEchoParamsSchema);

3. Server behavior

Add a handler in src/gateway/server-methods/system.ts:

export const systemHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
  "system.echo": ({ params, respond }) => {
    const text = String(params.text ?? "");
    respond(true, { ok: true, text });
  },
};

Register it in src/gateway/server-methods.ts (already merges systemHandlers), then add "system.echo" to the listGatewayMethods input in src/gateway/server-methods-list.ts.

If the method is callable by operator or node clients, also classify it in src/gateway/method-scopes.ts so scope enforcement and hello-ok feature advertising stay aligned.

4. Regenerate

pnpm protocol:check

5. Tests and docs

Add a server test in src/gateway/server.*.test.ts and note the method in docs.

Swift codegen behavior

The Swift generator emits:

• a GatewayFrame enum with req, res, event, and unknown cases
• strongly typed payload structs/enums
• ErrorCode values, GATEWAY_PROTOCOL_VERSION, and GATEWAY_MIN_PROTOCOL_VERSION

Unknown frame types are preserved as raw payloads for forward compatibility.

Versioning and compatibility

• PROTOCOL_VERSION lives in packages/gateway-protocol/src/version.ts (current value: 4).
• Clients send minProtocol and maxProtocol; the server rejects ranges that do not include its current protocol.
• The Swift models keep unknown frame types to avoid breaking older clients.

Schema patterns and conventions

• Most objects use additionalProperties: false for strict payloads.
• NonEmptyString (Type.String({ minLength: 1 })) is the default for IDs and method/event names.
• The top-level GatewayFrame uses a discriminator on type.
• Methods with side effects usually require an idempotencyKey in params (example: send, poll, agent, chat.send).
• agent accepts optional internalEvents for runtime-generated orchestration context (for example subagent/cron task completion handoff); treat this as internal API surface.

Live schema JSON

Generated JSON Schema is a build artifact, not committed to the repo. The published raw file is typically available at:

• https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openclaw/openclaw/main/dist/protocol.schema.json

When you change schemas

1. Update the TypeBox schemas in the owning packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/*.ts module and register them in protocol-schemas.ts.
2. Register the method/event in src/gateway/server-methods-list.ts.
3. Update src/gateway/method-scopes.ts when the new RPC needs operator or node scope classification.
4. Run pnpm protocol:check.
5. Commit the regenerated Swift models.

Related

• Rich output protocol
• RPC adapters