See ``--ao=help`` for a list of compiled-in audio output drivers sorted by
autoprobe order.

Note that the default audio output driver is subject to change, and must
not be relied upon. If a certain AO needs to be used, it must be
explicitly specified.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--alsa-resample=yes``
    Enable ALSA resampling plugin. (This is disabled by default, because
    some drivers report incorrect audio delay in some cases.)

``--alsa-mixer-device=<device>``
    Set the mixer device used with ``ao-volume`` (default: ``default``).

``--alsa-mixer-name=<name>``
    Set the name of the mixer element (default: ``Master``). This is for
    example ``PCM`` or ``Master``.

``--alsa-mixer-index=<number>``
    Set the index of the mixer channel (default: 0). Consider the output of
    "``amixer scontrols``", then the index is the number that follows the
    name of the element.

``--alsa-non-interleaved``
    Allow output of non-interleaved formats (if the audio decoder uses
    this format). Currently disabled by default, because some popular
    ALSA plugins are utterly broken with non-interleaved formats.

``--alsa-ignore-chmap``
    Don't read or set the channel map of the ALSA device - only request the
    required number of channels, and then pass the audio as-is to it. This
    option most likely should not be used. It can be useful for debugging,
    or for static setups with a specially engineered ALSA configuration (in
    this case you should always force the same layout with ``--audio-channels``,
    or it will work only for files which use the layout implicit to your
    ALSA device).

``--alsa-buffer-time=<microseconds>``
    Set the requested buffer time in microseconds. A value of 0 skips requesting
    anything from the ALSA API. This and the ``--alsa-periods`` option uses the
    ALSA ``near`` functions to set the requested parameters. If doing so results
    in an empty configuration set, setting these parameters is skipped.

    Both options control the buffer size. A low buffer size can lead to higher
    CPU usage and audio dropouts, while a high buffer size can lead to higher
    latency in volume changes and other filtering.

``--alsa-periods=<number>``
    Number of periods requested from the ALSA API. See ``--alsa-buffer-time``
    for further remarks.

.. warning::

    To get multichannel/surround audio, use ``--audio-channels=auto``. The
    default for this option is ``auto-safe``, which makes this audio output
    explicitly reject multichannel output, as there is no way to detect
    whether a certain channel layout is actually supported.

    You can also try `using the upmix plugin
    <https://github.com/mpv-player/mpv/wiki/ALSA-Surround-Sound-and-Upmixing>`_.
    This setup enables multichannel audio on the ``default`` device
    with automatic upmixing with shared access, so playing stereo
    and multichannel audio at the same time will work as expected.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--jack-port=<name>``
    Connects to the ports with the given name (default: physical ports).
``--jack-name=<client>``
    Client name that is passed to JACK (default: ``mpv``). Useful
    if you want to have certain connections established automatically.
``--jack-autostart=<yes|no>``
    Automatically start jackd if necessary (default: disabled). Note that
    this tends to be unreliable and will flood stdout with server messages.
``--jack-connect=<yes|no>``
    Automatically create connections to output ports (default: enabled).
    When enabled, the maximum number of output channels will be limited to
    the number of available output ports.
``--jack-std-channel-layout=<waveext|any>``
    Select the standard channel layout (default: waveext). JACK itself has no
    notion of channel layouts (i.e. assigning which speaker a given
    channel is supposed to map to) - it just takes whatever the application
    outputs, and reroutes it to whatever the user defines. This means the
    user and the application are in charge of dealing with the channel
    layout. ``waveext`` uses WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE order, which, even
    though it was defined by Microsoft, is the standard on many systems.
    The value ``any`` makes JACK accept whatever comes from the audio
    filter chain, regardless of channel layout and without reordering. This
    mode is probably not very useful, other than for debugging or when used
    with fixed setups.

Automatically redirects to ``coreaudio_exclusive`` when playing compressed
formats.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--coreaudio-change-physical-format=<yes|no>``
    Change the physical format to one similar to the requested audio format
    (default: no). This has the advantage that multichannel audio output
    will actually work. The disadvantage is that it will change the
    system-wide audio settings. This is equivalent to changing the ``Format``
    setting in the ``Audio Devices`` dialog in the ``Audio MIDI Setup``
    utility. Note that this does not affect the selected speaker setup.

``--coreaudio-spdif-hack=<yes|no>``
    Try to pass through AC3/DTS data as PCM. This is useful for drivers
    which do not report AC3 support. It converts the AC3 data to float,
    and assumes the driver will do the inverse conversion, which means
    a typical A/V receiver will pick it up as compressed IEC framed AC3
    stream, ignoring that it's marked as PCM. This disables normal AC3
    passthrough (even if the device reports it as supported). Use with
    extreme care.

.. warning::

    Turning on spatial audio may hang the playback
    if mpv is not started out of the bundle,
    though playback with spatial audio off always works.

``--openal-num-buffers=<2-128>``
    Specify the number of audio buffers to use. Lower values are better for
    lower CPU usage. Default: 4.

``--openal-num-samples=<256-32768>``
    Specify the number of complete samples to use for each buffer. Higher
    values are better for lower CPU usage. Default: 8192.

``--openal-direct-channels=<yes|no>``
    Enable OpenAL Soft's direct channel extension when available to avoid
    tinting the sound with ambisonics or HRTF. Default: yes.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--pulse-host=<host>``
    Specify the host to use. An empty <host> string uses a local connection,
    "localhost" uses network transfer (most likely not what you want).

``--pulse-buffer=<1-2000|native>``
    Set the audio buffer size in milliseconds. A higher value buffers
    more data, and has a lower probability of buffer underruns. A smaller
    value makes the audio stream react faster, e.g. to playback speed
    changes. "native" lets the sound server determine buffers.

``--pulse-latency-hacks=<yes|no>``
    Enable hacks to workaround PulseAudio timing bugs (default: yes). If
    enabled, mpv will do elaborate latency calculations on its own. If
    disabled, it will use PulseAudio automatically updated timing
    information. Disabling this might help with e.g. networked audio or
    some plugins, while enabling it might help in some unknown situations
    (it is currently enabled due to known bugs with PulseAudio 16.0).

``--pulse-allow-suspended=<yes|no>``
    Allow mpv to use PulseAudio even if the sink is suspended (default: no).
    Can be useful if PulseAudio is running as a bridge to jack and mpv has its sink-input set to the one jack is using.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--pipewire-buffer=<1-2000|native>``
    Set the audio buffer size in milliseconds. A higher value buffers
    more data, and has a lower probability of buffer underruns. A smaller
    value makes the audio stream react faster, e.g. to playback speed
    changes. "native" lets the sound server determine buffers.

``--pipewire-remote=<remote>``
    Specify the PipeWire remote daemon name to connect to via local UNIX
    sockets.
    An empty <remote> string uses the default remote named ``pipewire-0``.

``--pipewire-volume-mode=<channel|global>``
    Specify if the ``ao-volume`` property should apply to the channel
    volumes or the global volume.
    By default the channel volumes are used.

.. note:: This driver is for compatibility with extremely foreign
          environments, such as systems where none of the other drivers
          are available.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--sdl-buflen=<length>``
    Sets the audio buffer length in seconds. Is used only as a hint by the
    sound system. Playing a file with ``-v`` will show the requested and
    obtained exact buffer size. A value of 0 selects the sound system
    default.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--ao-null-untimed``
    Do not simulate timing of a perfect audio device. This means audio
    decoding will go as fast as possible, instead of timing it to the
    system clock.

``--ao-null-buffer``
    Simulated buffer length in seconds.

``--ao-null-outburst``
    Simulated chunk size in samples.

``--ao-null-speed``
    Simulated audio playback speed as a multiplier. Usually, a real audio
    device will not go exactly as fast as the system clock. It will deviate
    just a little, and this option helps to simulate this.

``--ao-null-latency``
    Simulated device latency. This is additional to EOF.

``--ao-null-broken-eof``
    Simulate broken audio drivers, which always add the fixed device
    latency to the reported audio playback position.

``--ao-null-broken-delay``
    Simulate broken audio drivers, which don't report latency correctly.

``--ao-null-channel-layouts``
    If not empty, this is a ``,`` separated list of channel layouts the
    AO allows. This can be used to test channel layout selection.

``--ao-null-format``
    Force the audio output format the AO will accept. If unset accepts any.

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--ao-pcm-waveheader=<yes|no>``
    Include or do not include the WAVE header (default: included). When
    not included, raw PCM will be generated.
``--ao-pcm-file=<filename>``
    Write the sound to ``<filename>`` instead of the default
    ``audiodump.wav``. If ``no-waveheader`` is specified, the default is
    ``audiodump.pcm``.
``--ao-pcm-append=<yes|no>``
    Append to the file, instead of overwriting it. Always use this with the
    ``no-waveheader`` option - with ``waveheader`` it's broken, because
    it will write a WAVE header every time the file is opened.

(Note: only supports mono, stereo, 4.0, 5.1 and 7.1 channel
layouts.)

The following global options are supported by this audio output:

``--wasapi-exclusive-buffer=<default|min|1-2000000>``
    Set buffer duration in exclusive mode (i.e., with
    ``--audio-exclusive=yes``). ``default`` and ``min`` use the default and
    minimum device period reported by WASAPI, respectively. You can also
    directly specify the buffer duration in microseconds, in which case a
    duration shorter than the minimum device period will be rounded up to
    the minimum period.

    The default buffer duration should provide robust playback in most
    cases, but reportedly on some devices there are glitches following
    stream resets under the default setting. In such cases, specifying a
    shorter duration might help.