with statement (context managers)

Monty supports the with statement for built-in types that implement __enter__ / __exit__ (currently just file objects produced by open()) and for user-defined classes that define the two dunders. Semantics follow CPython for the supported subset: __enter__ runs before the body, __exit__ runs on every exit path (normal completion, exception, return, break, continue), and a truthy return from __exit__ suppresses an in-flight exception.

User-class __enter__ / __exit__ run as real frames, so — unlike __repr__ / __str__ (see classes.md) — they may suspend on external/OS calls and resume mid-with. The protocol check matches CPython: a value whose class lacks __exit__ raises TypeError: '...' object does not support the context manager protocol (missed __exit__ method); one with __exit__ but no __enter__ gets the (missed __enter__ method) variant. Lookup is type-level, as in CPython: an instance attribute named __enter__/__exit__ is ignored by the with statement (but used by an explicit obj.__enter__() call, which is an ordinary method call).

Supported but desugared

• Multiple context managers in a single with (with a() as x, b() as y:) is parsed as semantically equivalent nested with blocks: the leftmost manager enters first and exits last. This matches CPython's left-to-right enter, right-to-left exit ordering exactly. Tracebacks point at the inner-most with line, not the original multi-item line.

  Each extra item counts against the parser's nesting budget as if it were written as explicitly nested with blocks — see language.md

Not supported

• Async with (async with EXPR:) is rejected at parse time with SyntaxError: async context managers (async with) is not yet implemented.
• contextlib (@contextmanager, ExitStack, etc.) — the module is not available; only the language-level with statement is.

Behavioural divergences

• The third argument to __exit__ (the traceback object) is always None. Monty has no traceback objects; the type and value arguments are passed through unchanged (typ is ValueError etc. works). Code that inspects the traceback object inside __exit__ will see None where CPython would provide a traceback instance.
• If __exit__ itself raises during the exception path, the new exception replaces the original (the original is dropped). This matches CPython's behavior, but is called out here because some readers expect the original to be preserved as __context__ — Monty does not currently track exception chaining.
• CPython's BEFORE_WITH looks up and binds __enter__/__exit__ once, when the with statement is entered; Monty's WithExit/WithExceptStart opcodes look __exit__ up again when the block exits. A class whose __exit__ attribute is reassigned during the body calls the new function in Monty but the originally-bound one in CPython (and a reassignment that removes it raises AttributeError in Monty where CPython would still call the original).
• Direct obj.__exit__(typ, val, tb) invocation on a built-in context manager forwards val to the type's py_exit only when it is None or a heap-allocated value (matching CPython for the None / exception-instance cases real callers use). A non-None scalar val (e.g. f.__exit__(int, 5, None)) cannot be expressed through the internal Option<HeapId> abstraction and is treated as if val were None — every built-in context manager ignores val's content beyond is None, so this is not observable in practice. User-class instances are exempt: their explicit dunder calls are ordinary method calls and receive all three arguments verbatim.
• Direct obj.__exit__(...) on a built-in context manager requires exactly three positional arguments — any other arity raises TypeError. CPython's file/IOBase.__exit__ is declared *args and accepts any number, so f.__exit__() returns None there but raises in Monty. (User-class __exit__ is an ordinary method, so its arity matches whatever the user defined, exactly as in CPython.)

Current implementers of the protocol

Type	Notes
open()	Closes the file on exit; see open.md for details.
user classes	Class must define __exit__ (and __enter__); see above.

Adding a new context-manager-capable built-in requires three pieces on the type's HeapRead impl:

1. Override PyTrait::py_is_context_manager to return true — this is what the BeforeWith opcode checks to raise CPython's specific TypeError for non-CM values, before py_enter runs.
2. Override PyTrait::py_enter / PyTrait::py_exit.
3. Add the type's arms in HeapReadOutput::py_is_context_manager, py_enter, and py_exit (in heap_data.rs) so the dispatch reaches the overridden methods.

Direct obj.__enter__() / obj.__exit__(...) invocation on built-in types is wired centrally in VM::call_attr via dispatch_dunder, so no per-type StaticStrings::Enter / StaticStrings::Exit arms are needed in the type's py_call_attr. Instances skip that interception and use normal method dispatch.