assert

Monty deliberately diverges from CPython on assert failure messages: failed asserts raise an AssertionError carrying a pytest-style introspected message, so sandboxed code (and hosts feeding errors back to users/LLMs) can see the values involved instead of a blank AssertionError.

Bare assert carries a message (CPython raises an empty AssertionError)

• assert 2 == 5 raises AssertionError('assert 2 == 5'); CPython raises AssertionError() with empty str(e) and empty e.args.
• The message is visible everywhere the exception is: str(e), e.args[0], tracebacks, and host-side error objects.
• Applies when the test is a single binary comparison with one of ==, !=, <, <=, >, >=, is, is not, in, not in: both operands' repr()s are substituted. Operands are evaluated exactly once — side effects are not duplicated.
• Any other failing test shows the falsy value's repr instead: assert [] → assert [], assert None → assert None, assert 0 → assert 0 — except False itself, which adds no information: assert False raises a plain message-less AssertionError, exactly like CPython.
• Chained comparisons (assert 1 < 2 > 3) and not expressions produce False when they fail, so they carry no introspected message. and and or return an operand rather than coercing it to bool, so they show that final falsy operand unless it is literally False: assert 1 and [] shows assert [].

assert test, msg appends the detail on a new line

• assert 1 == 2, 'my message' raises AssertionError('my message\nassert 1 == 2'); CPython raises AssertionError('my message').
• Consequently e.args[0] contains the combined string, not the original message object. Non-str messages are rendered with str() (assert [], 123 → 123\nassert []); CPython stores the object itself in e.args.
• When the test value is literally False no detail is appended, so assert False, 'msg' raises AssertionError('msg') — the same as CPython apart from the str() rendering of non-str messages.
• A message that stringifies to the empty string is treated as absent, so only the detail is shown: assert 1 == 2, '' raises AssertionError('assert 1 == 2') (CPython raises AssertionError('')), and assert False, '' raises a message-less AssertionError.

Formatting edge cases

• At most 120 bytes of each operand's repr are retained, cut on a character boundary. A truncated repr gets a three-byte … suffix in addition to that limit. The retained-byte limit is configurable per session; see "Opt-out for embedders" below.
• A failing assert calls repr() on its operands, which CPython never does: user __repr__ side effects run. Rendering is streamed and stops at the truncation cap, so parts of a container beyond the cap are never repr'd — their __repr__s (and any side effects) don't run at all. The temporary repr buffer and its formatting loop are not charged to the ResourceTracker.
• If an operand's __repr__ (or an explicit message's __str__) raises a catchable Python exception, that part is dropped: a bare assert falls back to a message-less AssertionError, while an explicit-message assert keeps whichever of message/detail rendered successfully. Terminal internal and resource errors propagate instead.

Opt-out for embedders

Introspected annotations can be disabled per session, restoring CPython's empty message for bare asserts. This does not remove Monty's other exception constructor differences: with annotations disabled, an explicit assert message must still be a string; see exceptions. The retained repr length can also be customized (an int >= 1, in bytes; 0 means "off", not "retain no bytes"):

• Rust: pass CompileOptions { assert_message_annotations: AssertMessageAnnotations::Off } (or ::MaxBytes(n), a NonZeroU32; ::from_max_bytes(n) maps 0 to Off) to MontyRun::new or MontyRepl::new.
• Python: pool.checkout(assert_message_annotations=False) (or =n).
• JavaScript: pool.checkout({ assertMessageAnnotations: false }) (or : n; both the native and wasm-worker pools).

Monty's Rust, Python, and JavaScript surfaces default to messages on. The CPython compatibility worker ignores this option and always uses CPython's plain AssertionError behavior.