Replication & CDC

Milvus supports multi-cluster WAL replication via a star topology: one PRIMARY cluster (origin of all writes) and one or more SECONDARY clusters (replicas receiving WAL messages). Replication operates per-PChannel.

ReplicateConfig

ReplicateConfiguration (protobuf), stored in the WALCheckpoint and updated atomically via AlterReplicateConfig broadcast message (see Cluster Messages), contains a Clusters list (ClusterID, PChannels ordered list, ConnectionParam) and a CrossClusterTopology edge list (SourceClusterID → TargetClusterID). Only star topology is supported: one PRIMARY center node (out-degree=N-1, in-degree=0) and N-1 SECONDARY leaf nodes (in-degree=1, out-degree=0). All clusters must have the same number of PChannels; cross-cluster PChannel mapping is by index position: Source.PChannels[i] → Target.PChannels[i].

Roles

• PRIMARY: Accepts client writes (DML/DDL/DCL). The Replicate Interceptor rejects any message carrying a replicate header.
• SECONDARY: Only accepts replicated messages forwarded from the primary. The Replicate Interceptor rejects any message without a replicate header (except WAL self-controlled messages like TimeTick/CreateSegment/Flush, which bypass the interceptor entirely since they are locally generated regardless of role).

Data Flow

1. Primary WAL → CDC ChannelReplicator (per-PChannel, runs on primary StreamingNode): reads messages from the primary WAL starting at the secondary's ReplicateCheckpoint. Self-controlled messages (TimeTick, CreateSegment, Flush) and messages carrying the Unreplicable (_ur) property are skipped.
2. ChannelReplicator → Secondary Proxy via CreateReplicateStream gRPC bidirectional stream: sends each message with its original MessageID, Properties, and Payload, along with the SourceClusterID.
3. Secondary Proxy → Secondary WAL: the Proxy remaps VChannel names and appends to the local WAL. The Replicate Interceptor validates the incoming message (cluster ID match, TimeTick deduplication) and tracks checkpoint.

Message-Level Replication Skip

Some DDL/control messages cannot be safely replayed on a SECONDARY until their replay contract is deterministic across clusters. Producers mark those concrete WAL messages with the Unreplicable (_ur) message property. The CDC sender treats them like ignored messages and advances replication progress without sending them. The SECONDARY replicate interceptor also ignores replicated messages that carry _ur, which protects mixed-version or already-forwarded traffic.

This is a message property, not a static MessageType rule. Future support for one of these DDLs should stop setting _ur on newly generated messages; old WAL messages that already carry _ur remain skipped for rolling-upgrade compatibility.

Checkpoint & Consistency

The secondary maintains a ReplicateCheckpoint per PChannel: {ClusterID, PChannel, MessageID, TimeTick}.

• Non-transactional messages: checkpoint advances immediately after successful append.
• Transactional messages: checkpoint advances only on CommitTxn — not on BeginTxn or body messages. This ensures that on recovery, uncommitted transactions can be re-replicated without data loss.
• Deduplication: messages with TimeTick ≤ checkpoint.TimeTick are ignored. Txn body messages for the current in-flight transaction keep the equality case for the txn helper to deduplicate by message ID, since all messages within a transaction share the same TimeTick.

The checkpoint is persisted in the WALCheckpoint and can be queried by the primary via GetReplicateInfo to resume replication from the correct position after restart.

Recovery

On WAL open, RecoverReplicateManager loads the ReplicateConfig and ReplicateCheckpoint from the RecoveryStorage snapshot. For SECONDARY clusters, it also recovers in-progress transaction state from the TxnBuffer (uncommitted replicated transactions), so that the secondary can continue receiving body/commit messages for the interrupted transaction.

Topology Changes

All topology changes are triggered by AlterReplicateConfig broadcast messages, which require ExclusiveCluster resource lock — acting as a global barrier across all PChannels.

• AddNewMember: Add a new cluster and topology edge. Replication starts from the current WAL position of new incoming AlterReplicateConfig message. Existing cluster attributes are immutable.
• AddNewPChannel: Not supported via config change — all clusters must have equal PChannel count set at initial configuration.
• SwitchOver: Update topology edges to reverse roles (e.g., PRIMARY A → SECONDARY B becomes PRIMARY B → SECONDARY A). On the old primary, SwitchReplicateMode drops the secondary state. On the new primary, it creates a new secondary state pointing to the new source.
• FailOver: Remove the failed primary from topology edges and designate a secondary as the new primary by updating the topology. The CDC ChannelReplicator on the old primary stops when it detects its topology edge is removed.
• RemoveMember: Remove topology edges pointing to the target cluster. The CDC ChannelReplicator detects the edge removal via AlterReplicateConfig message and cleans up the replicate PChannel metadata from etcd.

Key Packages

• pkg/util/replicateutil/ — ConfigHelper, ConfigValidator, role definitions
• internal/streamingcoord/server/balancer/ — ChannelManager replication config persistence, AvailableInReplication, CDC task creation
• internal/streamingnode/server/wal/interceptors/replicate/ — Replicate interceptor, ReplicateManager, secondary state
• internal/cdc/replication/ — CDC ChannelReplicator, ReplicateStreamClient