Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.rst
:Author: David van Leeuwen [email protected] :Date: 12 March 1999 :Updated by: Erik Andersen ([email protected]) :Updated by: Jens Axboe ([email protected])
Linux is probably the Unix-like operating system that supports the widest variety of hardware devices. The reasons for this are presumably
The openness of Linux, and the many different types of available
hardware has allowed Linux to support many different hardware devices.
Unfortunately, the very openness that has allowed Linux to support
all these different devices has also allowed the behavior of each
device driver to differ significantly from one device to another.
This divergence of behavior has been very significant for CD-ROM
devices; the way a particular drive reacts to a standard ioctl()
call varies greatly from one device driver to another. To avoid making
their drivers totally inconsistent, the writers of Linux CD-ROM
drivers generally created new device drivers by understanding, copying,
and then changing an existing one. Unfortunately, this practice did not
maintain uniform behavior across all the Linux CD-ROM drivers.
This document describes an effort to establish Uniform behavior across all the different CD-ROM device drivers for Linux. This document also defines the various ioctl()'s, and how the low-level CD-ROM device drivers should implement them. Currently (as of the Linux 2.1.\ x development kernels) several low-level CD-ROM device drivers, including both IDE/ATAPI and SCSI, now use this Uniform interface.
When the CD-ROM was developed, the interface between the CD-ROM drive
and the computer was not specified in the standards. As a result, many
different CD-ROM interfaces were developed. Some of them had their
own proprietary design (Sony, Mitsumi, Panasonic, Philips), other
manufacturers adopted an existing electrical interface and changed
the functionality (CreativeLabs/SoundBlaster, Teac, Funai) or simply
adapted their drives to one or more of the already existing electrical
interfaces (Aztech, Sanyo, Funai, Vertos, Longshine, Optics Storage and
most of the NoName manufacturers). In cases where a new drive really
brought its own interface or used its own command set and flow control
scheme, either a separate driver had to be written, or an existing
driver had to be enhanced. History has delivered us CD-ROM support for
many of these different interfaces. Nowadays, almost all new CD-ROM
drives are either IDE/ATAPI or SCSI, and it is very unlikely that any
manufacturer will create a new interface. Even finding drives for the
old proprietary interfaces is getting difficult.
When (in the 1.3.70's) I looked at the existing software interface,
which was expressed through cdrom.h, it appeared to be a rather wild
set of commands and data formats [#f1]_. It seemed that many
features of the software interface had been added to accommodate the
capabilities of a particular drive, in an ad hoc manner. More
importantly, it appeared that the behavior of the standard commands
was different for most of the different drivers: e. g., some drivers
close the tray if an open() call occurs when the tray is open, while
others do not. Some drivers lock the door upon opening the device, to
prevent an incoherent file system, but others don't, to allow software
ejection. Undoubtedly, the capabilities of the different drives vary,
but even when two drives have the same capability their drivers'
behavior was usually different.
.. [#f1] I cannot recollect what kernel version I looked at, then, presumably 1.2.13 and 1.3.34 --- the latest kernel that I was indirectly involved in.
I decided to start a discussion on how to make all the Linux CD-ROM
drivers behave more uniformly. I began by contacting the developers of
the many CD-ROM drivers found in the Linux kernel. Their reactions
encouraged me to write the Uniform CD-ROM Driver which this document is
intended to describe. The implementation of the Uniform CD-ROM Driver is
in the file cdrom.c. This driver is intended to be an additional software
layer that sits on top of the low-level device drivers for each CD-ROM drive.
By adding this additional layer, it is possible to have all the different
CD-ROM devices behave exactly the same (insofar as the underlying
hardware will allow).
The goal of the Uniform CD-ROM Driver is not to alienate driver developers
whohave not yet taken steps to support this effort. The goal of Uniform CD-ROM
Driver is simply to give people writing application programs for CD-ROM drives
one Linux CD-ROM interface with consistent behavior for all
CD-ROM devices. In addition, this also provides a consistent interface
between the low-level device driver code and the Linux kernel. Care
is taken that 100% compatibility exists with the data structures and
programmer's interface defined in cdrom.h. This guide was written to
help CD-ROM driver developers adapt their code to use the Uniform CD-ROM
Driver code defined in cdrom.c.
Personally, I think that the most important hardware interfaces are the IDE/ATAPI drives and, of course, the SCSI drives, but as prices of hardware drop continuously, it is also likely that people may have more than one CD-ROM drive, possibly of mixed types. It is important that these drives behave in the same way. In December 1994, one of the cheapest CD-ROM drives was a Philips cm206, a double-speed proprietary drive. In the months that I was busy writing a Linux driver for it, proprietary drives became obsolete and IDE/ATAPI drives became the standard. At the time of the last update to this document (November 1997) it is becoming difficult to even find anything less than a 16 speed CD-ROM drive, and 24 speed drives are common.
.. _cdrom_api:
At the time this document was conceived, all drivers directly implemented the CD-ROM ioctl() calls through their own routines. This led to the danger of different drivers forgetting to do important things like checking that the user was giving the driver valid data. More importantly, this led to the divergence of behavior, which has already been discussed.
For this reason, the Uniform CD-ROM Driver was created to enforce consistent
CD-ROM drive behavior, and to provide a common set of services to the various
low-level CD-ROM device drivers. The Uniform CD-ROM Driver now provides another
software-level, that separates the ioctl() and open() implementation
from the actual hardware implementation. Note that this effort has
made few changes which will affect a user's application programs. The
greatest change involved moving the contents of the various low-level
CD-ROM drivers' header files to the kernel's cdrom directory. This was
done to help ensure that the user is only presented with only one cdrom
interface, the interface defined in cdrom.h.
CD-ROM drives are specific enough (i. e., different from other block-devices such as floppy or hard disc drives), to define a set of common CD-ROM device operations, <cdrom-device>_dops. These operations are different from the classical block-device file operations, <block-device>_fops.
The routines for the Uniform CD-ROM Driver interface level are implemented
in the file cdrom.c. In this file, the Uniform CD-ROM Driver interfaces
with the kernel as a block device by registering the following general
struct file_operations::
struct file_operations cdrom_fops = {
NULL, /* lseek */
block _read , /* read--general block-dev read */
block _write, /* write--general block-dev write */
NULL, /* readdir */
NULL, /* select */
cdrom_ioctl, /* ioctl */
NULL, /* mmap */
cdrom_open, /* open */
cdrom_release, /* release */
NULL, /* fsync */
NULL, /* fasync */
NULL /* revalidate */
};
Every active CD-ROM device shares this struct. The routines
declared above are all implemented in cdrom.c, since this file is the
place where the behavior of all CD-ROM-devices is defined and
standardized. The actual interface to the various types of CD-ROM
hardware is still performed by various low-level CD-ROM-device
drivers. These routines simply implement certain capabilities
that are common to all CD-ROM (and really, all removable-media
devices).
Registration of a low-level CD-ROM device driver is now done through
the general routines in cdrom.c, not through the Virtual File System
(VFS) any more. The interface implemented in cdrom.c is carried out
through two general structures that contain information about the
capabilities of the driver, and the specific drives on which the
driver operates. The structures are:
cdrom_device_ops This structure contains information about the low-level driver for a CD-ROM device. This structure is conceptually connected to the major number of the device (although some drivers may have different major numbers, as is the case for the IDE driver).
cdrom_device_info This structure contains information about a particular CD-ROM drive, such as its device name, speed, etc. This structure is conceptually connected to the minor number of the device.
Registering a particular CD-ROM drive with the Uniform CD-ROM Driver is done by the low-level device driver though a call to::
register_cdrom(struct cdrom_device_info * <device>_info)
The device information structure, <device>_info, contains all the information needed for the kernel to interface with the low-level CD-ROM device driver. One of the most important entries in this structure is a pointer to the cdrom_device_ops structure of the low-level driver.
The device operations structure, cdrom_device_ops, contains a list
of pointers to the functions which are implemented in the low-level
device driver. When cdrom.c accesses a CD-ROM device, it does it
through the functions in this structure. It is impossible to know all
the capabilities of future CD-ROM drives, so it is expected that this
list may need to be expanded from time to time as new technologies are
developed. For example, CD-R and CD-R/W drives are beginning to become
popular, and support will soon need to be added for them. For now, the
current struct is::
struct cdrom_device_ops {
int (*open)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int)
void (*release)(struct cdrom_device_info *);
int (*drive_status)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);
unsigned int (*check_events)(struct cdrom_device_info *,
unsigned int, int);
int (*media_changed)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);
int (*tray_move)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);
int (*lock_door)(struct cdrom_device_info *, int);
int (*select_speed)(struct cdrom_device_info *, unsigned long);
int (*get_last_session) (struct cdrom_device_info *,
struct cdrom_multisession *);
int (*get_mcn)(struct cdrom_device_info *, struct cdrom_mcn *);
int (*reset)(struct cdrom_device_info *);
int (*audio_ioctl)(struct cdrom_device_info *,
unsigned int, void *);
const int capability; /* capability flags */
int (*generic_packet)(struct cdrom_device_info *,
struct packet_command *);
};
When a low-level device driver implements one of these capabilities, it should add a function pointer to this struct. When a particular function is not implemented, however, this struct should contain a NULL instead. The capability flags specify the capabilities of the CD-ROM hardware and/or low-level CD-ROM driver when a CD-ROM drive is registered with the Uniform CD-ROM Driver.
Note that most functions have fewer parameters than their blkdev_fops counterparts. This is because very little of the information in the structures inode and file is used. For most drivers, the main parameter is the struct cdrom_device_info, from which the major and minor number can be extracted. (Most low-level CD-ROM drivers don't even look at the major and minor number though, since many of them only support one device.) This will be available through dev in cdrom_device_info described below.
The drive-specific, minor-like information that is registered with
cdrom.c, currently contains the following fields::
struct cdrom_device_info { const struct cdrom_device_ops * ops; /* device operations for this major / struct list_head list; / linked list of all device_info / struct gendisk * disk; / matching block layer disk / void * handle; / driver-dependent data */
int mask; /* mask of capability: disables them */
int speed; /* maximum speed for reading data */
int capacity; /* number of discs in a jukebox */
unsigned int options:30; /* options flags */
unsigned mc_flags:2; /* media-change buffer flags */
unsigned int vfs_events; /* cached events for vfs path */
unsigned int ioctl_events; /* cached events for ioctl path */
int use_count; /* number of times device is opened */
char name[20]; /* name of the device type */
__u8 sanyo_slot : 2; /* Sanyo 3-CD changer support */
__u8 keeplocked : 1; /* CDROM_LOCKDOOR status */
__u8 reserved : 5; /* not used yet */
int cdda_method; /* see CDDA_* flags */
__u8 last_sense; /* saves last sense key */
__u8 media_written; /* dirty flag, DVD+RW bookkeeping */
unsigned short mmc3_profile; /* current MMC3 profile */
int for_data; /* unknown:TBD */
int mrw_mode_page; /* which MRW mode page is in use */
};
Using this struct, a linked list of the registered minor devices is built, using the next field. The device number, the device operations struct and specifications of properties of the drive are stored in this structure.
The mask flags can be used to mask out some of the capabilities listed in ops->capability, if a specific drive doesn't support a feature of the driver. The value speed specifies the maximum head-rate of the drive, measured in units of normal audio speed (176kB/sec raw data or 150kB/sec file system data). The parameters are declared const because they describe properties of the drive, which don't change after registration.
A few registers contain variables local to the CD-ROM drive. The
flags options are used to specify how the general CD-ROM routines
should behave. These various flags registers should provide enough
flexibility to adapt to the different users' wishes (and not the
arbitrary wishes of the author of the low-level device driver, as is
the case in the old scheme). The register mc_flags is used to buffer
the information from media_changed() to two separate queues. Other
data that is specific to a minor drive, can be accessed through handle,
which can point to a data structure specific to the low-level driver.
The fields use_count, next, options and mc_flags need not be
initialized.
The intermediate software layer that cdrom.c forms will perform some
additional bookkeeping. The use count of the device (the number of
processes that have the device opened) is registered in use_count. The
function cdrom_ioctl() will verify the appropriate user-memory regions
for read and write, and in case a location on the CD is transferred,
it will sanitize the format by making requests to the low-level
drivers in a standard format, and translating all formats between the
user-software and low level drivers. This relieves much of the drivers'
memory checking and format checking and translation. Also, the necessary
structures will be declared on the program stack.
The implementation of the functions should be as defined in the following sections. Two functions must be implemented, namely open() and release(). Other functions may be omitted, their corresponding capability flags will be cleared upon registration. Generally, a function returns zero on success and negative on error. A function call should return only after the command has completed, but of course waiting for the device should not use processor time.
::
int open(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi, int purpose)
Open() should try to open the device for a specific purpose, which can be either:
mount() (2), or the
user commands dd or cat.Notice that any strategic code (closing tray upon open(), etc.) is
done by the calling routine in cdrom.c, so the low-level routine
should only be concerned with proper initialization, such as spinning
up the disc, etc.
::
void release(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi)
Device-specific actions should be taken such as spinning down the device. However, strategic actions such as ejection of the tray, or unlocking the door, should be left over to the general routine cdrom_release(). This is the only function returning type void.
.. _cdrom_drive_status:
::
int drive_status(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi, int slot_nr)
The function drive_status, if implemented, should provide
information on the status of the drive (not the status of the disc,
which may or may not be in the drive). If the drive is not a changer,
slot_nr should be ignored. In cdrom.h the possibilities are listed::
CDS_NO_INFO /* no information available */
CDS_NO_DISC /* no disc is inserted, tray is closed */
CDS_TRAY_OPEN /* tray is opened */
CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY /* something is wrong, tray is moving? */
CDS_DISC_OK /* a disc is loaded and everything is fine */
::
int tray_move(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi, int position)
This function, if implemented, should control the tray movement. (No other function should control this.) The parameter position controls the desired direction of movement:
This function returns 0 upon success, and a non-zero value upon error. Note that if the tray is already in the desired position, no action need be taken, and the return value should be 0.
::
int lock_door(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi, int lock)
This function (and no other code) controls locking of the door, if the drive allows this. The value of lock controls the desired locking state:
This function returns 0 upon success, and a non-zero value upon error. Note that if the door is already in the requested state, no action need be taken, and the return value should be 0.
::
int select_speed(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi, unsigned long speed)
Some CD-ROM drives are capable of changing their head-speed. There are several reasons for changing the speed of a CD-ROM drive. Badly pressed CD-ROM s may benefit from less-than-maximum head rate. Modern CD-ROM drives can obtain very high head rates (up to 24x is common). It has been reported that these drives can make reading errors at these high speeds, reducing the speed can prevent data loss in these circumstances. Finally, some of these drives can make an annoyingly loud noise, which a lower speed may reduce.
This function specifies the speed at which data is read or audio is
played back. The value of speed specifies the head-speed of the
drive, measured in units of standard cdrom speed (176kB/sec raw data
or 150kB/sec file system data). So to request that a CD-ROM drive
operate at 300kB/sec you would call the CDROM_SELECT_SPEED ioctl
with speed=2. The special value 0 means auto-selection, i. e.,
maximum data-rate or real-time audio rate. If the drive doesn't have
this auto-selection capability, the decision should be made on the
current disc loaded and the return value should be positive. A negative
return value indicates an error.
::
int get_last_session(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi,
struct cdrom_multisession *ms_info)
This function should implement the old corresponding ioctl(). For
device cdi->dev, the start of the last session of the current disc
should be returned in the pointer argument ms_info. Note that
routines in cdrom.c have sanitized this argument: its requested
format will always be of the type CDROM_LBA (linear block
addressing mode), whatever the calling software requested. But
sanitization goes even further: the low-level implementation may
return the requested information in CDROM_MSF format if it wishes so
(setting the ms_info->addr_format field appropriately, of
course) and the routines in cdrom.c will make the transformation if
necessary. The return value is 0 upon success.
::
int get_mcn(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi,
struct cdrom_mcn *mcn)
Some discs carry a Media Catalog Number (MCN), also called
Universal Product Code (UPC). This number should reflect the number
that is generally found in the bar-code on the product. Unfortunately,
the few discs that carry such a number on the disc don't even use the
same format. The return argument to this function is a pointer to a
pre-declared memory region of type struct cdrom_mcn. The MCN is
expected as a 13-character string, terminated by a null-character.
::
int reset(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi)
This call should perform a hard-reset on the drive (although in circumstances that a hard-reset is necessary, a drive may very well not listen to commands anymore). Preferably, control is returned to the caller only after the drive has finished resetting. If the drive is no longer listening, it may be wise for the underlying low-level cdrom driver to time out.
::
int audio_ioctl(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi,
unsigned int cmd, void *arg)
Some of the CD-ROM-\ ioctl()\ 's defined in cdrom.h can be
implemented by the routines described above, and hence the function
cdrom_ioctl will use those. However, most ioctl()\ 's deal with
audio-control. We have decided to leave these to be accessed through a
single function, repeating the arguments cmd and arg. Note that
the latter is of type void, rather than unsigned long int.
The routine cdrom_ioctl() does do some useful things,
though. It sanitizes the address format type to CDROM_MSF (Minutes,
Seconds, Frames) for all audio calls. It also verifies the memory
location of arg, and reserves stack-memory for the argument. This
makes implementation of the audio_ioctl() much simpler than in the
old driver scheme. For example, you may look up the function
cm206_audio_ioctl() cm206.c that should be updated with
this documentation.
An unimplemented ioctl should return -ENOSYS, but a harmless request (e. g., CDROMSTART) may be ignored by returning 0 (success). Other errors should be according to the standards, whatever they are. When an error is returned by the low-level driver, the Uniform CD-ROM Driver tries whenever possible to return the error code to the calling program. (We may decide to sanitize the return value in cdrom_ioctl() though, in order to guarantee a uniform interface to the audio-player software.)
::
int dev_ioctl(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
Some ioctl()'s seem to be specific to certain CD-ROM drives. That is,
they are introduced to service some capabilities of certain drives. In
fact, there are 6 different ioctl()'s for reading data, either in some
particular kind of format, or audio data. Not many drives support
reading audio tracks as data, I believe this is because of protection
of copyrights of artists. Moreover, I think that if audio-tracks are
supported, it should be done through the VFS and not via ioctl()'s. A
problem here could be the fact that audio-frames are 2352 bytes long,
so either the audio-file-system should ask for 75264 bytes at once
(the least common multiple of 512 and 2352), or the drivers should
bend their backs to cope with this incoherence (to which I would be
opposed). Furthermore, it is very difficult for the hardware to find
the exact frame boundaries, since there are no synchronization headers
in audio frames. Once these issues are resolved, this code should be
standardized in cdrom.c.
Because there are so many ioctl()'s that seem to be introduced to
satisfy certain drivers [#f2]_, any non-standard ioctl()\ s
are routed through the call dev_ioctl(). In principle, private
ioctl()\ 's should be numbered after the device's major number, and not
the general CD-ROM ioctl number, 0x53. Currently the
non-supported ioctl()'s are:
CDROMREADMODE1, CDROMREADMODE2, CDROMREADAUDIO, CDROMREADRAW,
CDROMREADCOOKED, CDROMSEEK, CDROMPLAY-BLK and CDROM-READALL
.. [#f2]
Is there software around that actually uses these? I'd be interested!
.. _cdrom_capabilities:
Instead of just implementing some ioctl calls, the interface in
cdrom.c supplies the possibility to indicate the capabilities
of a CD-ROM drive. This can be done by ORing any number of
capability-constants that are defined in cdrom.h at the registration
phase. Currently, the capabilities are any of::
CDC_CLOSE_TRAY /* can close tray by software control */
CDC_OPEN_TRAY /* can open tray */
CDC_LOCK /* can lock and unlock the door */
CDC_SELECT_SPEED /* can select speed, in units of * sim*150 ,kB/s */
CDC_SELECT_DISC /* drive is juke-box */
CDC_MULTI_SESSION /* can read sessions *> rm1* */
CDC_MCN /* can read Media Catalog Number */
CDC_MEDIA_CHANGED /* can report if disc has changed */
CDC_PLAY_AUDIO /* can perform audio-functions (play, pause, etc) */
CDC_RESET /* hard reset device */
CDC_IOCTLS /* driver has non-standard ioctls */
CDC_DRIVE_STATUS /* driver implements drive status */
The capability flag is declared const, to prevent drivers from
accidentally tampering with the contents. The capability flags actually
inform cdrom.c of what the driver can do. If the drive found
by the driver does not have the capability, is can be masked out by
the cdrom_device_info variable mask. For instance, the SCSI CD-ROM
driver has implemented the code for loading and ejecting CD-ROM's, and
hence its corresponding flags in capability will be set. But a SCSI
CD-ROM drive might be a caddy system, which can't load the tray, and
hence for this drive the cdrom_device_info struct will have set
the CDC_CLOSE_TRAY bit in mask.
In the file cdrom.c you will encounter many constructions of the type::
if (cdo->capability & ~cdi->mask & CDC _<capability>) ...
There is no ioctl to set the mask... The reason is that I think it is better to control the behavior rather than the capabilities.
A final flag register controls the behavior of the CD-ROM drives, in order to satisfy different users' wishes, hopefully independently of the ideas of the respective author who happened to have made the drive's support available to the Linux community. The current behavior options are::
CDO_AUTO_CLOSE /* try to close tray upon device open() */
CDO_AUTO_EJECT /* try to open tray on last device close() */
CDO_USE_FFLAGS /* use file_pointer->f_flags to indicate purpose for open() */
CDO_LOCK /* try to lock door if device is opened */
CDO_CHECK_TYPE /* ensure disc type is data if opened for data */
The initial value of this register is
CDO_AUTO_CLOSE | CDO_USE_FFLAGS | CDO_LOCK, reflecting my own view on user
interface and software standards. Before you protest, there are two
new ioctl()'s implemented in cdrom.c, that allow you to control the
behavior by software. These are::
CDROM_SET_OPTIONS /* set options specified in (int)arg */
CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS /* clear options specified in (int)arg */
One option needs some more explanation: CDO_USE_FFLAGS. In the next newsection we explain what the need for this option is.
A software package setcd, available from the Debian distribution
and sunsite.unc.edu, allows user level control of these flags.
Traditionally, Unix devices can be used in two different modes,
either by reading/writing to the device file, or by issuing
controlling commands to the device, by the device's ioctl()
call. The problem with CD-ROM drives, is that they can be used for
two entirely different purposes. One is to mount removable
file systems, CD-ROM's, the other is to play audio CD's. Audio commands
are implemented entirely through ioctl()'s, presumably because the
first implementation (SUN?) has been such. In principle there is
nothing wrong with this, but a good control of the CD player demands
that the device can always be opened in order to give the
ioctl commands, regardless of the state the drive is in.
On the other hand, when used as a removable-media disc drive (what the original purpose of CD-ROM s is) we would like to make sure that the disc drive is ready for operation upon opening the device. In the old scheme, some CD-ROM drivers don't do any integrity checking, resulting in a number of i/o errors reported by the VFS to the kernel when an attempt for mounting a CD-ROM on an empty drive occurs. This is not a particularly elegant way to find out that there is no CD-ROM inserted; it more-or-less looks like the old IBM-PC trying to read an empty floppy drive for a couple of seconds, after which the system complains it can't read from it. Nowadays we can sense the existence of a removable medium in a drive, and we believe we should exploit that fact. An integrity check on opening of the device, that verifies the availability of a CD-ROM and its correct type (data), would be desirable.
These two ways of using a CD-ROM drive, principally for data and
secondarily for playing audio discs, have different demands for the
behavior of the open() call. Audio use simply wants to open the
device in order to get a file handle which is needed for issuing
ioctl commands, while data use wants to open for correct and
reliable data transfer. The only way user programs can indicate what
their purpose of opening the device is, is through the flags
parameter (see open(2)). For CD-ROM devices, these flags aren't
implemented (some drivers implement checking for write-related flags,
but this is not strictly necessary if the device file has correct
permission flags). Most option flags simply don't make sense to
CD-ROM devices: O_CREAT, O_NOCTTY, O_TRUNC, O_APPEND, and
O_SYNC have no meaning to a CD-ROM.
We therefore propose to use the flag O_NONBLOCK to indicate that the device is opened just for issuing ioctl commands. Strictly, the meaning of O_NONBLOCK is that opening and subsequent calls to the device don't cause the calling process to wait. We could interpret this as don't wait until someone has inserted some valid data-CD-ROM. Thus, our proposal of the implementation for the open() call for CD-ROM s is:
You might hesitate to accept this proposal as it comes from the Linux community, and not from some standardizing institute. What about SUN, SGI, HP and all those other Unix and hardware vendors? Well, these companies are in the lucky position that they generally control both the hardware and software of their supported products, and are large enough to set their own standard. They do not have to deal with a dozen or more different, competing hardware configurations\ [#f3]_.
.. [#f3]
Incidentally, I think that SUN's approach to mounting CD-ROM s is very
good in origin: under Solaris a volume-daemon automatically mounts a
newly inserted CD-ROM under /cdrom/*<volume-name>*.
In my opinion they should have pushed this further and have every CD-ROM on the local area network be mounted at the similar location, i. e., no matter in which particular machine you insert a CD-ROM, it will always appear at the same position in the directory tree, on every system. When I wanted to implement such a user-program for Linux, I came across the differences in behavior of the various drivers, and the need for an ioctl informing about media changes.
We believe that using O_NONBLOCK to indicate that a device is being opened for ioctl commands only can be easily introduced in the Linux community. All the CD-player authors will have to be informed, we can even send in our own patches to the programs. The use of O_NONBLOCK has most likely no influence on the behavior of the CD-players on other operating systems than Linux. Finally, a user can always revert to old behavior by a call to ioctl(file_descriptor, CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS, CDO_USE_FFLAGS).
The routines in cdrom.c are designed in such a way that run-time
configuration of the behavior of CD-ROM devices (of any type)
can be carried out, by the CDROM_SET/CLEAR_OPTIONS ioctls. Thus, various
modes of operation can be set:
CDO_AUTO_CLOSE | CDO_USE_FFLAGS | CDO_LOCK
This is the default setting. (With CDO_CHECK_TYPE it will be better, in
the future.) If the device is not yet opened by any other process, and if
the device is being opened for data (O_NONBLOCK is not set) and the
tray is found to be open, an attempt to close the tray is made. Then,
it is verified that a disc is in the drive and, if CDO_CHECK_TYPE is
set, that it contains tracks of type data mode 1. Only if all tests
are passed is the return value zero. The door is locked to prevent file
system corruption. If the drive is opened for audio (O_NONBLOCK is
set), no actions are taken and a value of 0 will be returned.
CDO_AUTO_CLOSE | CDO_AUTO_EJECT | CDO_LOCK
This mimics the behavior of the current sbpcd-driver. The option flags are
ignored, the tray is closed on the first open, if necessary. Similarly,
the tray is opened on the last release, i. e., if a CD-ROM is unmounted,
it is automatically ejected, such that the user can replace it.
We hope that these option can convince everybody (both driver maintainers and user program developers) to adopt the new CD-ROM driver scheme and option flag interpretation.
cdrom.cOnly a few routines in cdrom.c are exported to the drivers. In this
new section we will discuss these, as well as the functions that take over the CD-ROM interface to the kernel. The header file belonging
to cdrom.c is called cdrom.h. Formerly, some of the contents of this
file were placed in the file ucdrom.h, but this file has now been
merged back into cdrom.h.
::
struct file_operations cdrom_fops
The contents of this structure were described in cdrom_api_. A pointer to this structure is assigned to the fops field of the struct gendisk.
::
int register_cdrom(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi)
This function is used in about the same way one registers cdrom_fops with the kernel, the device operations and information structures, as described in cdrom_api_, should be registered with the Uniform CD-ROM Driver::
register_cdrom(&<device>_info);
This function returns zero upon success, and non-zero upon failure. The structure <device>_info should have a pointer to the driver's <device>_dops, as in::
struct cdrom_device_info <device>_info = {
<device>_dops;
...
}
Note that a driver must have one static structure, <device>_dops, while it may have as many structures <device>_info as there are minor devices active. Register_cdrom() builds a linked list from these.
::
void unregister_cdrom(struct cdrom_device_info *cdi)
Unregistering device cdi with minor number MINOR(cdi->dev) removes the minor device from the list. If it was the last registered minor for the low-level driver, this disconnects the registered device-operation routines from the CD-ROM interface. This function returns zero upon success, and non-zero upon failure.
::
int cdrom_open(struct inode * ip, struct file * fp)
This function is not called directly by the low-level drivers, it is listed in the standard cdrom_fops. If the VFS opens a file, this function becomes active. A strategy is implemented in this routine, taking care of all capabilities and options that are set in the cdrom_device_ops connected to the device. Then, the program flow is transferred to the device_dependent open() call.
::
void cdrom_release(struct inode *ip, struct file *fp)
This function implements the reverse-logic of cdrom_open(), and then calls the device-dependent release() routine. When the use-count has reached 0, the allocated buffers are flushed by calls to sync_dev(dev) and invalidate_buffers(dev).
.. _cdrom_ioctl:
::
int cdrom_ioctl(struct inode *ip, struct file *fp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
This function handles all the standard ioctl requests for CD-ROM devices in a uniform way. The different calls fall into three categories: ioctl()'s that can be directly implemented by device operations, ones that are routed through the call audio_ioctl(), and the remaining ones, that are presumable device-dependent. Generally, a negative return value indicates an error.
The following old CD-ROM ioctl()\ 's are implemented by directly
calling device-operations in cdrom_device_ops, if implemented and
not masked:
CDROMMULTISESSION
Requests the last session on a CD-ROM.
CDROMEJECT
Open tray.
CDROMCLOSETRAY
Close tray.
CDROMEJECT_SW
If arg\not=0, set behavior to auto-close (close
tray on first open) and auto-eject (eject on last release), otherwise
set behavior to non-moving on open() and release() calls.
CDROM_GET_MCN
Get the Media Catalog Number from a CD.
The following set of ioctl()'s are all implemented through a call to the cdrom_fops function audio_ioctl(). Memory checks and allocation are performed in cdrom_ioctl(), and also sanitization of address format (CDROM_LBA/CDROM_MSF) is done.
CDROMSUBCHNL
Get sub-channel data in argument arg of type
struct cdrom_subchnl *.
CDROMREADTOCHDR
Read Table of Contents header, in arg of type
struct cdrom_tochdr *.
CDROMREADTOCENTRY
Read a Table of Contents entry in arg and specified by arg
of type struct cdrom_tocentry *.
CDROMPLAYMSF
Play audio fragment specified in Minute, Second, Frame format,
delimited by arg of type struct cdrom_msf *.
CDROMPLAYTRKIND
Play audio fragment in track-index format delimited by arg
of type struct cdrom_ti *.
CDROMVOLCTRL
Set volume specified by arg of type struct cdrom_volctrl *.
CDROMVOLREAD
Read volume into by arg of type struct cdrom_volctrl *.
CDROMSTART
Spin up disc.
CDROMSTOP
Stop playback of audio fragment.
CDROMPAUSE
Pause playback of audio fragment.
CDROMRESUME
Resume playing.
cdrom.cThe following ioctl()'s have been introduced to allow user programs to control the behavior of individual CD-ROM devices. New ioctl commands can be identified by the underscores in their names.
CDROM_SET_OPTIONS
Set options specified by arg. Returns the option flag register
after modification. Use arg = \rm0 for reading the current flags.
CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS
Clear options specified by arg. Returns the option flag register
after modification.
CDROM_SELECT_SPEED
Select head-rate speed of disc specified as by arg in units
of standard cdrom speed (176,kB/sec raw data or
150kB/sec file system data). The value 0 means auto-select,
i. e., play audio discs at real time and data discs at maximum speed.
The value arg is checked against the maximum head rate of the
drive found in the cdrom_dops.
CDROM_SELECT_DISC
Select disc numbered arg from a juke-box.
First disc is numbered 0. The number *arg* is checked against the
maximum number of discs in the juke-box found in the *cdrom_dops*.
CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED
Returns 1 if a disc has been changed since the last call.
For juke-boxes, an extra argument arg
specifies the slot for which the information is given. The special
value CDSL_CURRENT requests that information about the currently
selected slot be returned.
CDROM_TIMED_MEDIA_CHANGE
Checks whether the disc has been changed since a user supplied time
and returns the time of the last disc change.
*arg* is a pointer to a *cdrom_timed_media_change_info* struct.
*arg->last_media_change* may be set by calling code to signal
the timestamp of the last known media change (by the caller).
Upon successful return, this ioctl call will set
*arg->last_media_change* to the latest media change timestamp (in ms)
known by the kernel/driver and set *arg->has_changed* to 1 if
that timestamp is more recent than the timestamp set by the caller.
CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS
Returns the status of the drive by a call to
drive_status(). Return values are defined in cdrom_drive_status_.
Note that this call doesn't return information on the
current playing activity of the drive; this can be polled through
an ioctl call to CDROMSUBCHNL. For juke-boxes, an extra argument
arg specifies the slot for which (possibly limited) information is
given. The special value CDSL_CURRENT requests that information
about the currently selected slot be returned.
CDROM_DISC_STATUS
Returns the type of the disc currently in the drive.
It should be viewed as a complement to CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS.
This ioctl can provide some information about the current
disc that is inserted in the drive. This functionality used to be
implemented in the low level drivers, but is now carried out
entirely in Uniform CD-ROM Driver.
The history of development of the CD's use as a carrier medium for
various digital information has lead to many different disc types.
This *ioctl* is useful only in the case that CDs have \emph {only
one} type of data on them. While this is often the case, it is
also very common for CDs to have some tracks with data, and some
tracks with audio. Because this is an existing interface, rather
than fixing this interface by changing the assumptions it was made
under, thereby breaking all user applications that use this
function, the Uniform CD-ROM Driver implements this *ioctl* as
follows: If the CD in question has audio tracks on it, and it has
absolutely no CD-I, XA, or data tracks on it, it will be reported
as *CDS_AUDIO*. If it has both audio and data tracks, it will
return *CDS_MIXED*. If there are no audio tracks on the disc, and
if the CD in question has any CD-I tracks on it, it will be
reported as *CDS_XA_2_2*. Failing that, if the CD in question
has any XA tracks on it, it will be reported as *CDS_XA_2_1*.
Finally, if the CD in question has any data tracks on it,
it will be reported as a data CD (*CDS_DATA_1*).
This *ioctl* can return::
CDS_NO_INFO /* no information available */
CDS_NO_DISC /* no disc is inserted, or tray is opened */
CDS_AUDIO /* Audio disc (2352 audio bytes/frame) */
CDS_DATA_1 /* data disc, mode 1 (2048 user bytes/frame) */
CDS_XA_2_1 /* mixed data (XA), mode 2, form 1 (2048 user bytes) */
CDS_XA_2_2 /* mixed data (XA), mode 2, form 1 (2324 user bytes) */
CDS_MIXED /* mixed audio/data disc */
For some information concerning frame layout of the various disc
types, see a recent version of `cdrom.h`.
CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS
Returns the number of slots in a juke-box.
CDROMRESET
Reset the drive.
CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY
Returns the capability flags for the drive. Refer to section
cdrom_capabilities_ for more information on these flags.
CDROM_LOCKDOOR
Locks the door of the drive. arg == 0 unlocks the door,
any other value locks it.
CDROM_DEBUG
Turns on debugging info. Only root is allowed to do this.
Same semantics as CDROM_LOCKDOOR.
Finally, all other ioctl()'s are passed to the function dev_ioctl(), if implemented. No memory allocation or verification is carried out.
Make a backup of your current driver.
Get hold of the files cdrom.c and cdrom.h, they should be in
the directory tree that came with this documentation.
Make sure you include cdrom.h.
Change the 3rd argument of register_blkdev from &<your-drive>_fops
to &cdrom_fops.
Just after that line, add the following to register with the Uniform CD-ROM Driver::
register_cdrom(&<your-drive>_info);*
Similarly, add a call to unregister_cdrom() at the appropriate place.
Copy an example of the device-operations struct to your
source, e. g., from cm206.c cm206_dops, and change all
entries to names corresponding to your driver, or names you just
happen to like. If your driver doesn't support a certain function,
make the entry NULL. At the entry capability you should list all
capabilities your driver currently supports. If your driver
has a capability that is not listed, please send me a message.
Copy the cdrom_device_info declaration from the same example driver, and modify the entries according to your needs. If your driver dynamically determines the capabilities of the hardware, this structure should also be declared dynamically.
Implement all functions in your <device>_dops structure,
according to prototypes listed in cdrom.h, and specifications given
in cdrom_api_. Most likely you have already implemented
the code in a large part, and you will almost certainly need to adapt the
prototype and return values.
Rename your <device>_ioctl() function to audio_ioctl and
change the prototype a little. Remove entries listed in the first
part in cdrom_ioctl_, if your code was OK, these are
just calls to the routines you adapted in the previous step.
You may remove all remaining memory checking code in the audio_ioctl() function that deals with audio commands (these are listed in the second part of cdrom_ioctl_. There is no need for memory allocation either, so most cases in the switch statement look similar to::
case CDROMREADTOCENTRY: get_toc_entry\bigl((struct cdrom_tocentry *) arg);
All remaining ioctl cases must be moved to a separate function, <device>_ioctl, the device-dependent ioctl()'s. Note that memory checking and allocation must be kept in this code!
Change the prototypes of <device>_open() and <device>_release(), and remove any strategic code (i. e., tray movement, door locking, etc.).
Try to recompile the drivers. We advise you to use modules, both
for cdrom.o and your driver, as debugging is much easier this
way.
Thanks to all the people involved. First, Erik Andersen, who has
taken over the torch in maintaining cdrom.c and integrating much
CD-ROM-related code in the 2.1-kernel. Thanks to Scott Snyder and
Gerd Knorr, who were the first to implement this interface for SCSI
and IDE-CD drivers and added many ideas for extension of the data
structures relative to kernel~2.0. Further thanks to Heiko Eißfeldt,
Thomas Quinot, Jon Tombs, Ken Pizzini, Eberhard Mönkeberg and Andrew Kroll,
the Linux CD-ROM device driver developers who were kind
enough to give suggestions and criticisms during the writing. Finally
of course, I want to thank Linus Torvalds for making this possible in
the first place.