func binarySearchMatrix(nums []int, target int) int {
	low, high := 0, len(nums)-1
	for low <= high {
		mid := low + (high-low)>>1
		if nums[mid] == target {
			return mid
		} else if nums[mid] > target {
			high = mid - 1
		} else {
			low = mid + 1
		}
	}
	return -1
}

// Binary search for the first element equal to target, time complexity O(logn)
func searchFirstEqualElement(nums []int, target int) int {
	low, high := 0, len(nums)-1
	for low <= high {
		mid := low + ((high - low) >> 1)
		if nums[mid] > target {
			high = mid - 1
		} else if nums[mid] < target {
			low = mid + 1
		} else {
			if (mid == 0) || (nums[mid-1] != target) { // Found the first element equal to target
				return mid
			}
			high = mid - 1
		}
	}
	return -1
}

// Binary search for the last element equal to target, time complexity O(logn)
func searchLastEqualElement(nums []int, target int) int {
	low, high := 0, len(nums)-1
	for low <= high {
		mid := low + ((high - low) >> 1)
		if nums[mid] > target {
			high = mid - 1
		} else if nums[mid] < target {
			low = mid + 1
		} else {
			if (mid == len(nums)-1) || (nums[mid+1] != target) { // Found the last element equal to target
				return mid
			}
			low = mid + 1
		}
	}
	return -1
}

// Binary search for the first element greater than or equal to target, time complexity O(logn)
func searchFirstGreaterElement(nums []int, target int) int {
	low, high := 0, len(nums)-1
	for low <= high {
		mid := low + ((high - low) >> 1)
		if nums[mid] >= target {
			if (mid == 0) || (nums[mid-1] < target) { // Found the first element greater than or equal to target
				return mid
			}
			high = mid - 1
		} else {
			low = mid + 1
		}
	}
	return -1
}

// Binary search for the last element less than or equal to target, time complexity O(logn)
func searchLastLessElement(nums []int, target int) int {
	low, high := 0, len(nums)-1
	for low <= high {
		mid := low + ((high - low) >> 1)
		if nums[mid] <= target {
			if (mid == len(nums)-1) || (nums[mid+1] > target) { // Found the last element less than or equal to target
				return mid
			}
			low = mid + 1
		} else {
			high = mid - 1
		}
	}
	return -1
}

func peakIndexInMountainArray(A []int) int {
	low, high := 0, len(A)-1
	for low < high {
		mid := low + (high-low)>>1
		// If mid is larger, there is a peak on the left, high = m; if mid + 1 is larger, there is a peak on the right, low = mid + 1
		if A[mid] > A[mid+1] {
			high = mid
		} else {
			low = mid + 1
		}
	}
	return low
}