Kata Containers Unit Testing

Why write unit tests?

• Catch regressions

• Improve the code being tested

  Structure, quality, security, performance, "shakes out" implicit assumptions, etc

• Extremely instructive

  Once you've fully tested a single function, you'll understand that code very well indeed.

Why write unit tests? (continued)

• Fun!

  Yes, really! Don't believe me? Try it! ;)

Run all Kata Containers agent unit tests

As an example, to run all agent unit tests:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/kata-containers/kata-containers
$ cd src/agent
$ make test

List all unit tests

• Identify the full name of all the tests in the current package:

  bashCopy

  $ cargo test -- --list
  

• Identify the full name of all tests in the foo "local crate" (sub-directory containing another Cargo.toml file):

  bashCopy

  $ cargo test -p "foo" -- --list
  

Run a single unit test

• Run a test in the current package in verbose mode:

  bashCopy

  # Example
  $ test="config::tests::test_get_log_level"
  
  $ cargo test "$test" -vv -- --exact --nocapture
  

Test coverage setup

$ cargo install cargo-tarpaulin

Show test coverage

$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/kata-containers/kata-containers/src/agent
$ cargo -v tarpaulin --all-features --run-types AllTargets --count --force-clean -o Html
$ xdg-open "file://$PWD/tarpaulin-report.html"

Testability (part 1)

• To be testable, a function should:

  • Not be "too long" (say >100 lines).
  • Not be "too complex" (say >3 levels of indentation).
  • Should return a Result or an Option so error paths can be tested.

• If functions don't conform, they need to be reworked (refactored) before writing tests.

Testability (part 2)

• Some functions can't be fully tested.
• However, you can test the initial code that checks the parameter values (test error paths only).

Writing new tests: General advice (part 1)

• KISS: Keep It Simple Stupid

  You don't get extra points for cryptic code.

• DRY: Don't Repeat Yourself

  Make use of existing facilities (don't "re-invert the wheel").

• Read the unit test advice document

Writing new tests: General advice (part 2)

• Attack the function in all possible ways

• Use the table driven approach:

  • Simple
  • Compact
  • Easy to debug
  • Makes boundary analysis easy
  • Encourages functions to be testable

Writing new tests: Specific advice (part 1)

• Create a new "tests" module if necessary.
• Give each test function a "test_" prefix.
• Add the "#[test]" annotation on each test function.

Writing new tests: Specific advice (part 2)

• If you need to use (import) packages for the tests, only do it in the tests module:
  rustCopy

  use some_test_pkg::{foo, bar}; // <-- Not here
  
  #[cfg(test)]
  mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use some_test_pkg:{foo, bar}; // <-- Put it here
  }
  

Writing new tests: Specific advice (part 3)

• You can add test-specific dependencies in Cargo.toml:
  tomlCopy

  [dev-dependencies]
  serial_test = "0.5.1"
  

Writing new tests: Specific advice (part 4)

• Don't add in lots of error handling code: let the test panic!
  rustCopy

  // This will panic if the unwrap fails.
  // - NOT acceptable generally for production code.
  // - PERFECTLY acceptable for test code since:
  //   - Keeps the test code simple.
  //   - Rust will detect the panic and fail the test.
  let result = func().unwrap();
  

Debugging tests (part 1)

• Comment out all tests in your TestData array apart from the failing test.

• Add temporary println!("FIXME: ...") statements in the code.

• Set RUST_BACKTRACE=full before running cargo test.

Debugging tests (part 2)

• Use a debugger (not normally necessary though):
  bashCopy

  # Disable optimisation
  $ RUSTFLAGS="-C opt-level=0" cargo test --no-run
  
  # Find the test binary
  $ test_binary=$(find target/debug/deps | grep "kata_agent-[a-z0-9][a-z0-9]*$" | tail -1)
  
  $ rust-gdb "$test_binary"
  

Useful tips

• Always start a test with a "clean environment":

  Create new set of objects / files / directories / etc for each test.

• Mounts

  • Linux allows mounts on top of existing mounts.
  • Bind mounts and read-only mounts can be useful.

Gotchas (part 1)

If a test runs successfully most of the time:

• Review the test logic.

• Add a #[serial] annotation on the test function Requires the serial_test package in the [dev-dependencies] section of Cargo.toml.

  If this makes it work the test is probably sharing resources with another task (thread).

Gotchas (part 2)

If a test works locally but fails in the CI, consider the following attributes of each environment (local and CI):

• The version of rust being used.
• The hardware architecture.
• Number (and spec) of the CPUs.

Before raising a PR

• Remember to check that the test runs locally:

  • As a non-privileged user.
  • As the root user (carefully!)

• Run the static checker on your changes.

  Checks formatting and many other things.

If in doubt

• Ask for help! ;)

Quiz 1

What's wrong with this function?

fn foo(config: &Config, path_prefix: String, container_id: String, pid: String) -> Result<()> {
    let mut full_path = format!("{path_prefix}/{container_id}");

    let _ = remove_recursively(&mut full_path);

    write_number_to_file(pid, full_path);

    Ok(())
}

Quiz 1: Answers (part 1)

• No check that path_prefix, container_id and pid are not "".
• No check that path_prefix is absolute.
• No check that container_id does not contain slashes / contains only valid characters.
• Result of remove_recursively() discarded.
• remove_recursively() may modify full_path without foo() knowing!

Quiz 1: Answers (part 2)

• Why is pid not a numeric?
• No check to ensure the PID is positive.
• No check to recreate any directories in the original path_prefix.
• write_number_to_file() could fail so why doesn't it return a value?
• The config parameter is unused.

Quiz 1: What if...

Imagine if the caller managed to do this:

foo(config, "", "sbin/init", r#"#!/bin/sh\n/sbin/reboot"#);

Quiz 2

What makes this function difficult to test?

fn get_user_id(username: String) -> i32 {
    let line = grep_file(username, "/etc/passwd").unwrap();
    let fields = line.split(':');

    let uid = fields.nth(2).ok_or("failed").unwrap();

    uid.parse::<i32>()
}

Quiz 2: Answers (part 1)

• Unhelpful error message ("failed").

• Panics on error! Return a Result instead!

• UID's cannot be negative so function should return an unsigned value.

Quiz 2: Answers (part 2)

• Hard-coded filename.

  This would be better:

  rustCopy

  const PASSWD_DB: &str = "/etc/passwd";
  
  // Test code can now pass valid and invalid files!
  fn get_user_id(filename: String, username: String) -> i32 {
    // ...
  }
  
  let id = get_user_id(PASSWD_DB, username);
  

Quiz 3

What's wrong with this test code?

let mut obj = Object::new();

// Sanity check
assert_eq!(obj.num, 0);
assert_eq!(obj.wibble, false);

// Test 1
obj->foo_method(7);
assert_eq!(obj.num, 7);

// Test 2
obj->bar_method(true);
assert_eq!(obj.wibble, true);

Quiz 3: Answers

• The test code is "fragile":
  • The 2nd test re-uses the object created in the first test.

Finally

• We need a GH action to run the unit tests

  Needs to fail PRs that decrease test coverage by "x%".