(default-dtypes)=

Default dtypes and the X64 flag

JAX strives to meet the needs of a range of numerical computing practitioners, who sometimes have conflicting preferences. When it comes to default dtypes, there are two different camps:

• Classic scientific computing practitioners (i.e. users of tools like {mod}numpy or {mod}scipy) tend to value accuracy of computations foremost: such users would prefer that computations default to the widest available representation: e.g. floating point values should default to float64, integers to int64, etc.
• AI researchers (i.e. folks implementing and training neural networks) tend to value speed over accuracy, to the point where they have developed special data types like bfloat16 and others which deliberately discard the least significant bits in order to speed up computation. For these users, the mere presence of a float64 value in their computation can lead to programs that are slow at best, and incompatible with their hardware at worst! These users would prefer that computations default to float32 or int32.

The main mechanism JAX offers for this is the jax_enable_x64 flag, which controls whether 64-bit values can be created at all. By default this flag is set to False (serving the needs of AI researchers and practitioners), but can be set to True by users who value accuracy over computational speed.

Default setting: 32-bits everywhere

By default jax_enable_x64 is set to False, and so {mod}jax.numpy array creation functions will default to returning 32-bit values.

For example:

>>> import jax.numpy as jnp

>>> jnp.arange(5)
Array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int32)

>>> jnp.zeros(5)
Array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], dtype=float32)

>>> jnp.ones(5, dtype=int)
Array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1], dtype=int32)

Beyond defaults, because 64-bit values can be so poisonous to AI workflows, having this flag set to False prevents you from creating 64-bit arrays at all! For example:

>>> jnp.arange(5, dtype='float64')  # doctest: +SKIP
UserWarning: Explicitly requested dtype float64 requested in arange is not available, and will be 
truncated to dtype float32. To enable more dtypes, set the jax_enable_x64 configuration option or the 
JAX_ENABLE_X64 shell environment variable. See https://github.com/jax-ml/jax#current-gotchas for more.
Array([0., 1., 2., 3., 4.], dtype=float32)

The X64 flag: enabling 64-bit values

To work in the "other mode" where functions default to producing 64-bit values, you can set the jax_enable_x64 flag to True:

import jax
import jax.numpy as jnp

jax.config.update('jax_enable_x64', True)

print(repr(jnp.arange(5)))
print(repr(jnp.zeros(5)))
print(repr(jnp.ones(5, dtype=int)))

Array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int64)
Array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], dtype=float64)
Array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1], dtype=int64)

The X64 configuration can also be set via the JAX_ENABLE_X64 shell environment variable, for example:

$ JAX_ENABLE_X64=1 python main.py

The X64 flag is intended as a global setting that should have one value for your whole program, set at the top of your main file. A common feature request is for the flag to be contextually configurable (e.g. enabling X64 just for one section of a long program): this turns out to be difficult to implement within JAX's programming model, where code execution may happen in a different context than code compilation. There is ongoing work exploring the feasibility of relaxing this constraint, so stay tuned!