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Egress using Wildcard Hosts

content/en/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/index.md

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The Accessing External Services task and the Configure an Egress Gateway example describe how to configure egress traffic for specific hostnames, like edition.cnn.com. This example shows how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, for example *.wikipedia.org, instead of configuring each and every host separately.

Background

Suppose you want to enable egress traffic in Istio for the wikipedia.org sites in all languages. Each version of wikipedia.org in a particular language has its own hostname, e.g., en.wikipedia.org and de.wikipedia.org in the English and the German languages, respectively. You want to enable egress traffic by common configuration items for all the Wikipedia sites, without the need to specify every language's site separately.

{{< boilerplate gateway-api-support >}}

Before you begin

  • Install Istio with access logging enabled and with the blocking-by-default outbound traffic policy:

{{< tabset category-name="config-api" >}}

{{< tab name="Istio APIs" category-value="istio-apis" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ istioctl install --set profile=demo --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=REGISTRY_ONLY {{< /text >}}

{{< tip >}} You can run this task on an Istio configuration other than the demo profile as long as you make sure to deploy the Istio egress gateway, enable Envoy’s access logging, and apply the blocking-by-default outbound traffic policy in your installation. {{< /tip >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< tab name="Gateway API" category-value="gateway-api" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ istioctl install --set profile=minimal -y
--set values.pilot.env.PILOT_ENABLE_ALPHA_GATEWAY_API=true
--set meshConfig.accessLogFile=/dev/stdout
--set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=REGISTRY_ONLY {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< /tabset >}}

  • Deploy the [curl]({{< github_tree >}}/samples/curl) sample app to use as a test source for sending requests. If you have automatic sidecar injection enabled, run the following command to deploy the sample app:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f @samples/curl/curl.yaml@ {{< /text >}}

    Otherwise, manually inject the sidecar before deploying the curl application with the following command:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/curl/curl.yaml@) {{< /text >}}

    {{< tip >}} You can use any pod with curl installed as a test source. {{< /tip >}}

  • Set the SOURCE_POD environment variable to the name of your source pod:

    {{< text bash >}} $ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=curl -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) {{< /text >}}

Configure direct traffic to a wildcard host

The first, and simplest, way to access a set of hosts within a common domain is by configuring a simple ServiceEntry with a wildcard host and calling the services directly from the sidecar. When calling services directly (i.e., not via an egress gateway), the configuration for a wildcard host is no different than that of any other (e.g., fully qualified) host, only much more convenient when there are many hosts within the common domain.

{{< warning >}} Note that the configuration below can be easily bypassed by a malicious application. For a secure egress traffic control, direct the traffic through an egress gateway. {{< /warning >}}

{{< warning >}} Note that the DNS resolution cannot be used for wildcard hosts. This is why the NONE resolution (omitted since it is the default) is used in the service entry below. {{< /warning >}}

  1. Define a ServiceEntry for *.wikipedia.org:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: ServiceEntry metadata: name: wikipedia spec: hosts:

    • "*.wikipedia.org" ports:
    • number: 443 name: https protocol: HTTPS EOF {{< /text >}}

  2. Send HTTPS requests to https://en.wikipedia.org and https://de.wikipedia.org:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c curl -- sh -c 'curl -s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | grep -o "<title>.</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.</title>"'

    <title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title> {{< /text >}}

Cleanup direct traffic to a wildcard host

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete serviceentry wikipedia {{< /text >}}

Configure egress gateway traffic to a wildcard host

When all wildcard hosts are served by a single server, the configuration for egress gateway-based access to a wildcard host is very similar to that of any host, with one exception: the configured route destination will not be the same as the configured host, i.e., the wildcard. It will instead be configured with the host of the single server for the set of domains.

  1. Create an egress Gateway for *.wikipedia.org and route rules to direct the traffic through the egress gateway and from the egress gateway to the external service:

{{< tabset category-name="config-api" >}}

{{< tab name="Istio APIs" category-value="istio-apis" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: Gateway metadata: name: istio-egressgateway spec: selector: istio: egressgateway servers:

  • port: number: 443 name: https protocol: HTTPS hosts:
    • "*.wikipedia.org" tls: mode: PASSTHROUGH

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: DestinationRule metadata: name: egressgateway-for-wikipedia spec: host: istio-egressgateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local subsets: - name: wikipedia

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: direct-wikipedia-through-egress-gateway spec: hosts:

  • "*.wikipedia.org" gateways:
  • mesh
  • istio-egressgateway tls:
  • match:
    • gateways:
      • mesh port: 443 sniHosts:
      • "*.wikipedia.org" route:
    • destination: host: istio-egressgateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local subset: wikipedia port: number: 443 weight: 100
  • match:
    • gateways:
      • istio-egressgateway port: 443 sniHosts:
      • "*.wikipedia.org" route:
    • destination: host: www.wikipedia.org port: number: 443 weight: 100 EOF {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< tab name="Gateway API" category-value="gateway-api" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: Gateway metadata: name: wikipedia-egress-gateway annotations: networking.istio.io/service-type: ClusterIP spec: gatewayClassName: istio listeners:

  • name: tls hostname: "*.wikipedia.org" port: 443 protocol: TLS tls: mode: Passthrough allowedRoutes: namespaces: from: Same

apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2 kind: TLSRoute metadata: name: direct-wikipedia-to-egress-gateway spec: parentRefs:

  • kind: ServiceEntry group: networking.istio.io name: wikipedia rules:
  • backendRefs:
    • name: wikipedia-egress-gateway-istio port: 443

apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2 kind: TLSRoute metadata: name: forward-wikipedia-from-egress-gateway spec: parentRefs:

  • name: wikipedia-egress-gateway hostnames:
  • "*.wikipedia.org" rules:
  • backendRefs:

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: ServiceEntry metadata: name: wikipedia spec: hosts:

  • "*.wikipedia.org" ports:
  • number: 443 name: https protocol: HTTPS EOF {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< /tabset >}}

  1. Create a ServiceEntry for the destination server, www.wikipedia.org:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: ServiceEntry metadata: name: www-wikipedia spec: hosts:

    • www.wikipedia.org ports:
    • number: 443 name: https protocol: HTTPS resolution: DNS EOF {{< /text >}}

  2. Send HTTPS requests to https://en.wikipedia.org and https://de.wikipedia.org:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c curl -- sh -c 'curl -s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | grep -o "<title>.</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.</title>"'

    <title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title> {{< /text >}}

  3. Check the statistics of the egress gateway's proxy for the counter that corresponds to your requests to *.wikipedia.org:

{{< tabset category-name="config-api" >}}

{{< tab name="Istio APIs" category-value="istio-apis" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l istio=egressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}')" -c istio-proxy -n istio-system -- pilot-agent request GET clusters | grep '^outbound|443||www.wikipedia.org.*cx_total:' outbound|443||www.wikipedia.org::208.80.154.224:443::cx_total::2 {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< tab name="Gateway API" category-value="gateway-api" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l gateway.networking.k8s.io/gateway-name=wikipedia-egress-gateway -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}')" -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request GET clusters | grep '^outbound|443||www.wikipedia.org.*cx_total:' outbound|443||www.wikipedia.org::208.80.154.224:443::cx_total::2 {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< /tabset >}}

Cleanup egress gateway traffic to a wildcard host

{{< tabset category-name="config-api" >}}

{{< tab name="Istio APIs" category-value="istio-apis" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete serviceentry www-wikipedia $ kubectl delete gateway istio-egressgateway $ kubectl delete virtualservice direct-wikipedia-through-egress-gateway $ kubectl delete destinationrule egressgateway-for-wikipedia {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< tab name="Gateway API" category-value="gateway-api" >}}

{{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete se wikipedia $ kubectl delete se www-wikipedia $ kubectl delete gtw wikipedia-egress-gateway $ kubectl delete tlsroute direct-wikipedia-to-egress-gateway $ kubectl delete tlsroute forward-wikipedia-from-egress-gateway {{< /text >}}

{{< /tab >}}

{{< /tabset >}}

Wildcard configuration for arbitrary domains

The configuration in the previous section worked because all the *.wikipedia.org sites can be served by any one of the wikipedia.org servers. However, this is not always the case. For example, you may want to configure egress control for access to more general wildcard domains like *.com or *.org. Configuring traffic to arbitrary wildcard domains introduces a challenge for Istio gateways; an Istio gateway can only be configured to route traffic to predefined hosts, predefined IP addresses, or to the original destination IP address of the request.

In the previous section you configured the virtual service to direct traffic to the predefined host www.wikipedia.org. In the general case, however, you don't know the host or IP address that can serve an arbitrary host received in a request, which leaves the original destination address of the request as the only value with which to route the request. Unfortunately, when using an egress gateway, the original destination address of the request is lost since the original request is redirected to the gateway, causing the destination IP address to become the IP address of the gateway.

Although not as easy and somewhat fragile as it relies on Istio implementation details, you can use Envoy filters to configure a gateway to support arbitrary domains by using the SNI value in an HTTPS, or any TLS, request to identify the original destination to which to route the request. One example of this configuration approach can be found in routing egress traffic to wildcard destinations.

Cleanup

  • Shutdown the [curl]({{< github_tree >}}/samples/curl) service:

    {{< text bash >}} $ kubectl delete -f @samples/curl/curl.yaml@ {{< /text >}}

  • Uninstall Istio from your cluster:

    {{< text bash >}} $ istioctl uninstall --purge -y {{< /text >}}