Tensor parallelism

Tensor parallelism (TP) splits weight matrices column-wise or row-wise across GPUs. Each GPU holds a shard, computes a partial result, and synchronizes with an all-reduce to produce the full output.

TP relies on frequent cross-GPU communication. It works best on hardware with fast intra-node links such as NVLink.

    ┌─────────────────────────────┐
    │       X  (replicated)       │
    └────┬──────────┬─────────┬───┘
         │          │         │
    ┌────▼───┐ ┌────▼───┐ ┌───▼────┐
    │ ▓▓▓ W₀ │ │ ░░░ W₁ │ │ ███ W₂ │
    │  X@W₀  │ │  X@W₁  │ │  X@W₂  │
    └────┬───┘ └────┬───┘ └───┬────┘
         └──────────┼─────────┘
               Y₀+Y₁+Y₂
    ┌────────────────────────────┐
    │          Y (full)          │
    └────────────────────────────┘

Transformers supports TP for architectures whose config defines base_model_tp_plan. Check that field first to see whether a model supports native TP.

from transformers import AutoConfig

config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B")
print(config.base_model_tp_plan is not None)
print(config.base_model_tp_plan)

If a model supports TP, set tp_plan="auto" in [~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained]. Transformers initializes the device mesh and shards the supported layers for you.

[!WARNING] Don't use device_map with tp_plan. The two conflict at the weight-loading level. device_map places whole modules on specific GPUs, while tp_plan shards those same parameters across all GPUs.

import torch

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
    dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    tp_plan="auto",
)

[Trainer] detects tp_plan, reads tp_size from the model, and creates a [~accelerate.parallelism_config.ParallelismConfig] automatically.

Launch training on one node with 4 GPUs.

torchrun --nproc-per-node 4 train_tp.py

ParallelismConfig

Pass [~accelerate.parallelism_config.ParallelismConfig] explicitly when combining TP with other parallelism techniques like FSDP.

import torch

from accelerate import ParallelismConfig
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, TrainingArguments

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
    dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    tp_plan="auto",
)

parallelism_config = ParallelismConfig(tp_size=4)

args = TrainingArguments(
    ...,
    parallelism_config=parallelism_config,
)

Next steps

• Read the Tensor Parallelism chapter from The Ultra-Scale Playbook for more details about how it works.
• Read the tensor parallelism inference guide to learn more about partitioning strategies, manual TP plans, and implementation details.