Visual Design Principles

12 Core Principles

1. Geometry Before Algebra — Show the shape first, the equation second.
2. Opacity Layering — PRIMARY=1.0, CONTEXT=0.4, GRID=0.15. Direct attention through brightness.
3. One New Idea Per Scene — Each scene introduces exactly one concept.
4. Spatial Consistency — Same concept occupies the same screen region throughout.
5. Color = Meaning — Assign colors to concepts, not mobjects. If velocity is blue, it stays blue.
6. Progressive Disclosure — Show simplest version first, add complexity incrementally.
7. Transform, Don't Replace — Use Transform/ReplacementTransform to show connections.
8. Breathing Room — self.wait(1.5) minimum after showing something new.
9. Visual Weight Balance — Don't cluster everything on one side.
10. Consistent Motion Vocabulary — Pick a small set of animation types and reuse them.
11. Dark Background, Light Content — #1C1C1C to #2D2B55 backgrounds maximize contrast.
12. Intentional Empty Space — Leave at least 15% of the frame empty.

Layout Templates

FULL_CENTER

One main element centered, title above, note below. Best for: single equations, single diagrams, title cards.

LEFT_RIGHT

Two elements side by side at x=-3.5 and x=3.5. Best for: equation + visual, before/after, comparison.

TOP_BOTTOM

Main element at y=1.5, supporting content at y=-1.5. Best for: concept + examples, theorem + cases.

GRID

Multiple elements via arrange_in_grid(). Best for: comparison matrices, multi-step processes.

PROGRESSIVE

Elements appear one at a time, arranged DOWN with aligned_edge=LEFT. Best for: algorithms, proofs, step-by-step processes.

ANNOTATED_DIAGRAM

Central diagram with floating labels connected by arrows. Best for: architecture diagrams, annotated figures.

Color Palettes

Classic 3B1B

BG="#1C1C1C"; PRIMARY=BLUE; SECONDARY=GREEN; ACCENT=YELLOW; HIGHLIGHT=RED

Warm Academic

BG="#2D2B55"; PRIMARY="#FF6B6B"; SECONDARY="#FFD93D"; ACCENT="#6BCB77"

Neon Tech

BG="#0A0A0A"; PRIMARY="#00F5FF"; SECONDARY="#FF00FF"; ACCENT="#39FF14"

Font Selection

Use monospace fonts for all text. Manim's Pango text renderer produces broken kerning with proportional fonts (Helvetica, Inter, SF Pro, Arial) at all sizes and resolutions. Characters overlap and spacing is inconsistent. This is a fundamental Pango limitation, not a Manim bug.

Monospace fonts have fixed character widths — zero kerning issues by design.

Recommended Fonts

MONO = "Menlo"  # define once at top of file

title = Text("Fourier Series", font_size=48, color=PRIMARY, weight=BOLD, font=MONO)
label = Text("n=1: (4/pi) sin(x)", font_size=20, color=BLUE, font=MONO)
note = Text("Convergence at discontinuities", font_size=18, color=DIM, font=MONO)

# Math — always use MathTex, not Text
equation = MathTex(r"\nabla L = \frac{\partial L}{\partial w}")

When Proportional Fonts Are Acceptable

Large title text (font_size >= 48) with short strings (1-3 words) can use proportional fonts without visible kerning issues. For anything else — labels, descriptions, multi-word text, small sizes — use monospace.

Font Availability

• macOS: Menlo (pre-installed), SF Mono
• Linux: DejaVu Sans Mono (pre-installed), Liberation Mono
• Cross-platform: JetBrains Mono (install from jetbrains.com)

"Menlo" is the safest default — pre-installed on macOS, and Linux systems fall back to DejaVu Sans Mono.

Fine-Grained Text Control

Text() does not support letter_spacing or kerning parameters. For fine control, use MarkupText with Pango attributes:

# Letter spacing (Pango units: 1/1024 of a point)
MarkupText('<span letter_spacing="6000">HERMES</span>', font_size=18, font="Menlo")

# Bold specific words
MarkupText('This is <b>important</b>', font_size=24, font="Menlo")

# Color specific words
MarkupText('Red <span foreground="#FF6B6B">warning</span>', font_size=24, font="Menlo")

Minimum Font Size

font_size=18 is the minimum for readable text at any resolution. Below 18, characters become blurry at -ql and barely readable even at -qh.

Visual Hierarchy Checklist

For every frame:

1. What is the ONE thing to look at? (brightest/largest)
2. What is context? (dimmed to 0.3-0.4)
3. What is structural? (dimmed to 0.15)
4. Enough empty space? (>15%)
5. All text readable at phone size?