Add variables

In addition to the built-in global variables that come with Grafana, you can create your own variables. The following table lists the types of variables you can create:

{{< admonition type="note" >}} In Grafana 13.1, Ad hoc filters have been renamed Filter and Group by and extended by adding grouping for Prometheus and Loki data sources. However, in the dashboard schema, they're still referred to as "kind": "AdhocVariable".

For information on the Filter and Group by feature, refer to the documentation. {{< /admonition >}}

Enter general options for any variable

To create a variable, follow these steps:

{{< docs/list >}}

1. Click Edit in the top-right corner of the dashboard.
2. In the toolbar, click the Dashboard options icon to open the sidebar.
3. In the sidebar, click Settings.
4. Go to the Variables tab.
5. Click Add variable, or if there are already variables, + New variable.
6. Choose an option in the Select variable type drop-down list.

{{< shared id="add-variable" >}}

1. Enter a Name for the variable.

2. (Optional) In the Label field, enter the display name for the variable drop-down list.

   If you don't enter a display name, then the drop-down list label is the variable name.

3. (Optional) In the Description field, enter a description of the variable. The description appears as an info icon tooltip next to the variable name on the dashboard.

   Descriptions support links. You can use Markdown-style links ([link text](https://example.com)) or paste bare URLs (https://example.com). Only http and https URLs are rendered as clickable links—other protocols are displayed as plain text.

4. Choose a Display option:

   • Above dashboard - The variable drop-down list displays above the dashboard with the variable Name or Label value. This is the default.
   • Above dashboard, label hidden - The variable drop-down list displays above the dashboard, but without showing the name of the variable.
   • Controls menu - The variable is displayed in the dashboard controls menu instead of above the dashboard. The dashboard controls menu appears as a button in the dashboard toolbar.
   • Hidden - No variable drop-down list is displayed on the dashboard.

{{< /shared >}}

1. Click one of the following links to complete the steps for adding your selected variable type:
   • Query
   • Custom
   • Textbox
   • Constant
   • Data source
   • Interval
   • Switch

{{< /docs/list >}}

{{< admonition type="tip" >}} To add variables without leaving the dashboard, click the Add new element icon in the dashboard toolbar, and select Variable. For more information, refer to the Dashboard controls documentation. {{< /admonition >}}

Variable best practices

• Variable drop-down lists are displayed in the order in which they're listed in the Variables tab in dashboard settings, so put the variables that you change often at the top, so they're shown first.
• By default, variables don't have a default value. This means that the topmost value in the drop-down list is always preselected. If you want to pre-populate a variable with an empty value, you can use the following workaround in the variable settings:
  1. Select the Include All Option checkbox.
  2. In the Custom all value field, enter a value like .+.

Add a query variable

Query variables enable you to write a data source query that can return a list of metric names, tag values, or keys. For example, a query variable might return a list of server names, sensor IDs, or data centers. The variable values change as they dynamically fetch options with a data source query.

Query variables are generally only supported for strings. If your query returns numbers or any other data type, you might need to convert them to strings to use them as variables. For the Azure data source, for example, you can use the tostring function for this purpose.

Query expressions can contain references to other variables and in effect create linked variables. Grafana detects this and automatically refreshes a variable when one of its linked variables change.

{{< admonition type="note" >}} Query expressions are different for each data source. For more information, refer to the documentation for your data source. {{< /admonition >}}

1. Enter general options.

2. Configure the following options:

   Option	Description
   Data source	Select a target data source in the Data source drop-down list. You can also click Open advanced data source picker to see more options, including adding a data source (Admins only). For more information about data sources, refer to Add a data source.
   Query type	Select an option in the drop-down list and fill in the query fields accordingly. For more information, refer to the Query type section following these steps.
   Regex	(Optional) Type a regular expression in the field to filter or capture specific parts of the names returned by your data source query. To see examples, refer to Filter variables with a regular expression.
   Apply regex to	Select Variable value or Display text to choose where the regular expression pattern is applied. The default is Variable value.
   Sort	Select the sort order for values to be displayed in the drop-down list. The default option, Disabled, means that the order of options returned by your data source query is used.
   Refresh	Select when the variable should update options:<ul><li>On dashboard load - Queries the data source every time the dashboard loads. This slows down dashboard loading, because the variable query needs to be completed before dashboard can be initialized.</li><li>On time range change - Queries the data source every time the dashboard loads and when the dashboard time range changes. Use this option if your variable options query contains a time range filter or is dependent on the dashboard time range.</li></ul>
   Use static options	(Optional) Toggle on the switch to add custom options in addition to the query results:<ul><li>Make entries in the Value and Display text fields.</li><li>Click + Add new option to add another static option.</li></ul> Repeat these steps as many times as needed.
   Multi-value	Enables multiple values to be selected at the same time. For more information, refer to Selection Options.
   Allow custom values	Enables users to add custom values to the list. Only applies to CSV custom values. For more information, refer to Selection Options.
   Include All option	Enables an option to include all variables. For more information, refer to Selection Options.

3. Click Run query to test the variable.

4. In the Preview of values section, Grafana displays a list of the current variable values. Review them to ensure they match what you expect.

5. Click Save in the top-right corner.

6. Enter an optional description of your changes and click Save.

7. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Query type

The query field varies according to your data source. Some data sources have custom query editors.

Each data source defines how the variable values are extracted. The typical implementation uses every string value returned from the data source response as a variable value. Make sure to double-check the documentation for the data source.

Some data sources let you provide custom "display names" for the values. For instance, the PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server plugins handle this by looking for fields named __text and __value in the result. Other data sources may look for text and value or use a different approach. Always remember to double-check the documentation for the data source.

If you need more room in a single input field query editor, then hover your cursor over the lines in the lower right corner of the field and drag downward to expand.

Add a custom variable

Use a custom variable for a value that doesn't change, such as a number or a string.

For example, if you have server names or region names that never change, then you might want to create them as custom variables rather than query variables. Because they don't change, you might use them in chained variables rather than other query variables. That would reduce the number of queries Grafana must send when chained variables are updated.

1. Enter general options.

2. Configure the following options:

   Option	Description
   CSV	Enter a flat list of values for the variable in a comma-separated list. You can include numbers, strings, or key/value pairs separated by a space and a colon. For example, key1 : value1,key2 : value2.
   JSON	Provide a JSON array of objects where each object can have any number of properties that can be referenced. For more information refer, to Configure multi-property variables.
   Multi-value	Enables multiple values to be selected at the same time. For more information, refer to Selection Options.
   Allow custom values	Enables users to add custom values to the list. Only applies to CSV custom values. For more information, refer to Selection Options.
   Include All option	Enables an option to include all variables. For more information, refer to Selection Options.

3. Click Run query to test the variable.

4. In the Preview of values section, Grafana displays a list of the current variable values. If you've entered a JSON array, the preview is a table that includes all the value properties. Review them to ensure they match what you expect.

5. Click Save in the top-right corner.

6. Enter an optional description of your changes and click Save.

7. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Add a text box variable

Text box variables display a free text input field with an optional default value. This is the most flexible variable, because you can enter any value. Use this type of variable if you have metrics with high cardinality or if you want to update multiple panels in a dashboard at the same time.

For more information about cardinality, refer to What are cardinality spikes and why do they matter?

1. Enter general options.

2. (Optional) Under the Text options section of the page, in the Default value field, enter the default value for the variable.

   If you do not enter anything in this field, then Grafana displays an empty text box for users to type text into.

3. Click Save in the top-right corner.

4. Enter an optional description of your changes and click Save.

5. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Add a constant variable

Constant variables enable you to define a hidden constant. This is useful for metric path prefixes for dashboards you want to share. When you export a dashboard, constant variables are converted to import options.

Constant variables are not flexible. Each constant variable only holds one value, and it cannot be updated unless you update the variable settings.

Constant variables are useful when you have complex values that you need to include in queries but don't want to retype in every query. For example, if you had a server path called i-0b6a61efe2ab843gg, then you could replace it with a variable called $path_gg.

1. Enter general options.

2. Under the Constant options section of the page, in the Value field, enter the variable value.

   You can enter letters, numbers, and symbols. You can even use wildcards if you use raw format.

3. Click Save in the top-right corner.

4. Enter an optional description of your changes and click Save.

5. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Add a data source variable

Data source variables enable you to quickly change the data source for an entire dashboard. They're useful if you have multiple instances of a data source, perhaps in different environments.

1. Enter general options.

2. Configure the following options:

   Option	Description
   Type	Select the target data source for the variable.
   Instance name filter	(Optional) Enter a regular expression filter for which data source instances to choose from in the variable value drop-down list. Leave this field empty to display all instances.
   Multi-value	Enables multiple values to be selected at the same time. For more information, refer to Selection Options.
   Allow custom values	Enables users to add custom values to the list. For more information, refer to Selection Options.
   Include All option	Enables an option to include all variables. For more information, refer to Selection Options.

3. Click Run query to test the variable.

4. In the Preview of values section, Grafana displays a list of the current variable values. Review them to ensure they match what you expect.

5. Click Save in the top-right corner.

6. Enter an optional description of your changes and click Save.

7. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Add an interval variable

Use an interval variable to represents time spans such as 1m,1h, 1d. You can think of them as a dashboard-wide "group by time" command. Interval variables change how the data is grouped in the visualization. You can also use the Auto Option to return a set number of data points per time span.

You can use an interval variable as a parameter to group by time (for InfluxDB), date histogram interval (for Elasticsearch), or as a summarize function parameter (for Graphite).

1. Enter general options.

2. Configure the following options:

   Option	Description
   Values	Enter the time range intervals that you want to appear in the variable drop-down list. The following time units are supported: s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), d (days), w (weeks), M (months), and y (years). You can also accept or edit the default values: 1m,10m,30m,1h,6h,12h,1d,7d,14d,30d.
   Auto option	(Optional) Select on the checkbox if you want to add the auto option to the list. This option allows you to specify how many times the current time range should be divided to calculate the current auto time span.
   Step count	Select the number of times the current time range is divided to calculate the value, similar to the Max data points query option. For example, if the current visible time range is 30 minutes, then the auto interval groups the data into 30 one-minute increments. The default value is 30 steps. Only displayed when you select the Auto option checkbox.
   Min interval	The minimum threshold below which the step count intervals doesn't divide the time. To continue the 30 minute example, if the minimum interval is set to 2m, then Grafana would group the data into 15 two-minute increments. Only displayed when you select the Auto option checkbox.

3. Click Run query to test the variable.

4. In the Preview of values section, Grafana displays a list of the current variable values. Review them to ensure they match what you expect.

5. Click Save in the top-right corner.

6. Enter an optional description of your changes and click Save.

7. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Interval variable examples

The following example shows a template variable myinterval in a Graphite function:

summarize($myinterval, sum, false)

The following example shows a more complex Graphite example, from the Graphite Template Nested Requests panel:

groupByNode(summarize(movingAverage(apps.$app.$server.counters.requests.count, 5), '$interval', 'sum', false), 2, 'sum')

Add a switch variable

Switch variables display a switch with two configurable values representing enabled and disabled states. This variable type is useful when you need to:

• Toggle between different query conditions
• Enable or disable specific filters
• Switch between different visualization modes
• Control boolean parameters in your data sources

1. Enter general options.

2. Configure the following options:

   Option	Description
   Value pair type	Select one of the following predefined options:<ul><li>True / False - Uses boolean values true and false.</li><li>1 / 0 - Uses numeric values 1 and 0.</li><li>Yes / No - Uses string values yes and no.</li><li>Custom - Allows you to define custom values for both enabled and disabled states.</li></ul>
   Enabled value	If you selected Custom, configure the custom values. Enter the value that represents the enabled state (for example, "on").
   Disabled value	If you selected Custom, enter the value that represents the disabled state (for example, "off").

3. Click Save dashboard.

4. Click Back to list to add or edit other variables, or Back to dashboard and then Exit edit.

Switch variable examples

The following example shows a switch variable $debug_mode used in a Prometheus query to conditionally include debug labels:

up{job="my-service"} and ($debug_mode == "true" or on() vector(0))

The following example shows a switch variable $show_errors used to filter log entries:

{job="application"} |= ($show_errors == "1" ? "ERROR" : "")

You can also use switch variables in panel titles and other dashboard elements:

{{#if debug_mode}}Debug Mode: {{/if}}Application Metrics

Variable selection options {#configure-variable-selection-options}

Selection Options are a feature you can use to manage variable option selections for query and custom variables. All selection options are optional, and they're off by default.

Multi-value variables

Interpolating a variable with multiple values selected is tricky as it's not straight forward how to format the multiple values into a string that's valid in the given context where the variable is used. Grafana tries to solve this by allowing each data source plugin to inform the templating interpolation engine what format to use for multiple values.

{{< admonition type="note" >}} The Custom all value option on the variable must be blank for Grafana to format all values into a single string. If it's left blank, then Grafana concatenates (adds together) all the values in the query. Something like value1,value2,value3. If a custom all value is used, then instead the value is something like * or all. {{< /admonition >}}

Multi-value variables with a Graphite data source

Graphite uses glob expressions. A variable with multiple values would, in this case, be interpolated as {host1,host2,host3} if the current variable value was host1, host2, and host3.

Multi-value variables with a Prometheus or InfluxDB data source

InfluxDB and Prometheus use regular expressions, so the same variable would be interpolated as (host1|host2|host3). Every value would also be regular expression escaped. If not, a value with a regular expression control character would break the regular expression.

Multi-value variables with an Elastic data source

Elasticsearch uses Lucene query syntax, so the same variable would be formatted as ("host1" OR "host2" OR "host3"). In this case, every value must be escaped so that the value only contains Lucene control words and quotation marks.

Variable indexing

If you have a multi-value variable that's formatted as an array, you can use array positions to reference the values rather than the actual values. You can use this functionality in dashboard panels to filter data, and when you do so, the array is maintained.

To reference variable values this way, use the following syntax:

${query0.0}

The preceding syntax references the first, or 0, position in the array.

In the following example, there's an array of three values, 1t, 2t, and 3t, and rather than referencing those values, the panel query references the second value in the array using the syntax ${query0.1}:

{{< figure src="/media/docs/grafana/dashboards/screenshot-indexed-variables-v12.1.png" max-width="750px" alt="Panel query using variable indexing to reference a value" >}}

Troubleshoot multi-value variables

Automatic escaping and formatting can cause problems and it can be tricky to grasp the logic behind it. Especially for InfluxDB and Prometheus where the use of regular expression syntax requires that the variable is used in regular expression operator context.

If you don't want Grafana to do this automatic regular expression escaping and formatting, then you must do one of the following:

• Turn off the Multi-value or Include All option options.
• Use the raw variable format.

Custom all value

This option is only visible if the Include All option is selected.

Enter regular expressions, globs, or Lucene syntax in the Custom all value field to define the value of the All option.

By default the All value includes all options in combined expression. This can become very long and can have performance problems. Sometimes it can be better to specify a custom all value, like a wildcard regular expression.

In order to have custom regular expression, globs, or Lucene syntax in the Custom all value option, it's never escaped so you have to think about what's a valid value for your data source.

Include All option

Grafana adds an All option to the variable drop-down list. If a user selects this option, then all variable options are selected.