Conectando ao banco de dados - Gorm Io

GORM officially supports the databases MySQL, PostgreSQL, GaussDB, SQLite, SQL Server TiDB, and Oracle Database

MySQL

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  // referencia https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name para mais detalhes
  dsn := "user:pass(127.0.0.1:3306)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
  db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})
}

{% note warn %} NOTA: Para manipular time.Time corretamente, você precisa incluir parseTime como parâmetro. (mais parâmetros) Para suportar totalmente a codificação UTF-8, você precisa alterar o charset=utf8 para charset=utf8mb4. Veja este artigo para uma explicação mais detalhada {% endnote %}

O MySQL Driver fornece algumas configurações avançadas que podem ser utilizadas durante a inicialização, por exemplo:

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local", // Nome base de dados.
  DefaultStringSize: 256, // tamanha padrao para campo string.
  DisableDatetimePrecision: true, //  desabilita precisão datetime , não suportado antes de MySQL 5.6.
  DontSupportRenameIndex: true, // drop & create ao renomear index, renomear index não suportado antes de MySQL 6.7,MariaDB.
  DontSupportRenameColumn: true, // `alterar` ao renomear coluna, renomear coluna não suportado antes de MySQL 8,MariaDB.
  SkipInitializeWithVersion: false, // Auto-configuração baseada na atual versaro do MySQL.
}), &gorm.Config{})

Driver Customizado

GORM permite a customização do driver de MySQL, com a opção DriverName por exemplo:

import (
  _ "example.com/my_mysql_driver"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DriverName: "my_mysql_driver",
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local", // Nome base de dados, referencia https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name
}), &gorm.Config{})

Conexão com base de dados existente

GORM permite inicializar *gorm.DB com uma conexão de base de dados existente

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("mysql", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

PostgreSQL

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dsn := "host=localhost user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

Nós estamos utilizando pgx como driver para base de dados postgres, isso permite preparar o cache da declaração por padrão, para desabilita-lo:

// https://github.com/go-gorm/postgres
db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  DSN: "user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai",
  PreferSimpleProtocol: true, //  desabilita o uso implícito de  declaração Preparada.
}), &gorm.Config{})

Personalizar Driver

GORM allows to customize the PostgreSQL driver with the DriverName option, for example:

import (
  _ "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloudsql-proxy/proxy/dialers/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  DriverName: "cloudsqlpostgres",
  DSN: "host=project:region:instance user=postgres dbname=postgres password=password sslmode=disable",
})

Existing database connection

GORM allows to initialize *gorm.DB with an existing database connection

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

GaussDB

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dsn := "host=localhost user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=8000 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

We are using gaussdb-go as gaussdb's database/sql driver, it enables prepared statement cache by default, to disable it:

// https://github.com/go-gorm/gaussdb
db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
  DSN: "user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=8000 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai",
  PreferSimpleProtocol: true, // disables implicit prepared statement usage
}), &gorm.Config{})

Customize Driver

GORM allows to customize the GaussDB driver with the DriverName option, for example:

import (
  _ "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloudsql-proxy/proxy/dialers/gaussdb"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
  DriverName: "cloudsqlgaussdb",
  DSN: "host=project:region:instance user=gaussdb dbname=gaussdb password=password sslmode=disable",
})

Existing database connection

GORM allows to initialize *gorm.DB with an existing database connection

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("gaussdbgo", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

Oracle Database

The GORM Driver for Oracle provides support for Oracle Database, enabling full compatibility with GORM's ORM capabilities. It is built on top of the Go Driver for Oracle (Godror) and supports key features such as auto migrations, associations, transactions, and advanced querying.

Prerequisite: Install Instant Client

To use ODPI-C with Godror, you’ll need to install the Oracle Instant Client on your system. Follow the steps on this page to complete the installation.

After that, you can connect to the database using the dataSourceName, which specifies connection parameters (such as username and password) using a logfmt-encoded parameter list.

The way you specify the Instant Client directory differs by platform:

macOS and Windows: You can set the libDir parameter in the dataSourceName.
Linux: The libraries must be in the system library search path before your Go process starts, preferably configured with "ldconfig". The libDir parameter does not work on Linux.

Example (macOS/Windows)

dataSourceName := `user="scott" password="tiger" 
                   connectString="dbhost:1521/orclpdb1"
                   libDir="/Path/to/your/instantclient_23_26"`

Example (Linux)

dataSourceName := `user="scott" password="tiger" 
                   connectString="dbhost:1521/orclpdb1"`

Getting Started

import (
  "github.com/oracle-samples/gorm-oracle/oracle"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dataSourceName := `user="scott" password="tiger"
                   connectString="dbhost:1521/orclpdb1"`
db, err := gorm.Open(oracle.Open(dataSourceName), &gorm.Config{})

SQLite

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlite" // Sqlite driver based on CGO
  // "github.com/glebarez/sqlite" // Pure-Go SQLite driver, checkout https://github.com/glebarez/sqlite for details
  // "github.com/libtnb/sqlite" // Pure-Go SQLite driver, checkout https://github.com/libtnb/sqlite for details
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

// github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{})

{% note warn %} NOTE: You can also use file::memory:?cache=shared instead of a path to a file. This will tell SQLite to use a temporary database in system memory. (See SQLite docs for this) {% endnote %}

SQL Server

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlserver"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

// github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb
dsn := "sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm"
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlserver.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

TiDB

TiDB é compatível com o protocolo MySQL. Você pode seguir a parte MySQL para criar uma conexão com TiDB.

Há alguns pontos dignos de nota para o TiDB:

Você pode usar a tag gorm:"primaryKey;default:auto_random()" para usar o recurso AUTO_RANDOM para TiDB.
TiDB supported SAVEPOINT from v6.2.0, please notice the version of TiDB when you use this feature.
TiDB supported FOREIGN KEY from v6.6.0, please notice the version of TiDB when you use this feature.

import (
  "fmt"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

type Product struct {
  ID    uint `gorm:"primaryKey;default:auto_random()"`
  Code  string
  Price uint
}

func main() {
  db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open("root:@tcp(127.0.0.1:4000)/test"), &gorm.Config{})
  if err != nil {
    panic("failed to connect database")
  }

  db.AutoMigrate(&Product{})

  insertProduct := &Product{Code: "D42", Price: 100}

  db.Create(insertProduct)
  fmt.Printf("insert ID: %d, Code: %s, Price: %d\n",
    insertProduct.ID, insertProduct.Code, insertProduct.Price)

  readProduct := &Product{}
  db.First(&readProduct, "code = ?", "D42") // find product with code D42

  fmt.Printf("read ID: %d, Code: %s, Price: %d\n",
    readProduct.ID, readProduct.Code, readProduct.Price)
}

Clickhouse

https://github.com/go-gorm/clickhouse

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/clickhouse"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  dsn := "tcp://localhost:9000?database=gorm&username=gorm&password=gorm&read_timeout=10&write_timeout=20"
  db, err := gorm.Open(clickhouse.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

  // Auto Migrate
  db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
  // Set table options
  db.Set("gorm:table_options", "ENGINE=Distributed(cluster, default, hits)").AutoMigrate(&User{})

  // Insert
  db.Create(&user)

  // Select
  db.Find(&user, "id = ?", 10)

  // Batch Insert
  var users = []User{user1, user2, user3}
  db.Create(&users)
  // ...
}

Conjunto de Conexão

GORM usando database/sql para manter o pool de conexão

sqlDB, err := db.DB()

// SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of connections in the idle connection pool.
sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(10)

// SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections to the database.
sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(100)

// SetConnMaxLifetime sets the maximum amount of time a connection may be reused.
sqlDB.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)

Refer Generic Interface for details

Bancos de dados não suportados

Alguns bancos de dados podem ser compatíveis com o dialeto do mysql ou postgres, nesse caso seria possível usar o dialeto para essas bases de dados.

Para outros, você é encorajado a fazer um driver, seu pull request será bem vindo!