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Using `ReactiveCaching`

doc/development/reactive_caching.md

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This doc refers to reactive_caching.rb.

The ReactiveCaching concern is used for fetching some data in the background and storing it in the Rails cache, keeping it up-to-date for as long as it is being requested. If the data hasn't been requested for reactive_cache_lifetime, it stops being refreshed, and is removed.

Examples

ruby
class Foo < ApplicationRecord
  include ReactiveCaching

  after_save :clear_reactive_cache!

  def calculate_reactive_cache(param1, param2)
    # Expensive operation here. The return value of this method is cached
  end

  def result
    # Any arguments can be passed to `with_reactive_cache`. `calculate_reactive_cache`
    # will be called with the same arguments.
    with_reactive_cache(param1, param2) do |data|
      # ...
    end
  end
end

In this example, the first time #result is called, it returns nil. However, it enqueues a background worker to call #calculate_reactive_cache and set an initial cache lifetime of 10 minutes.

How ReactiveCaching works

The first time #with_reactive_cache is called, a background job is enqueued and with_reactive_cache returns nil. The background job calls #calculate_reactive_cache and stores its return value. It also re-enqueues the background job to run again after reactive_cache_refresh_interval. Therefore, it keeps the stored value up to date. Calculations never run concurrently.

Calling #with_reactive_cache while a value is cached calls the block given to #with_reactive_cache, yielding the cached value. It also extends the lifetime of the cache by the reactive_cache_lifetime value.

After the lifetime has expired, no more background jobs are enqueued and calling #with_reactive_cache again returns nil, starting the process all over again.

Set a hard limit for ReactiveCaching

To preserve performance, you should set a hard caching limit in the class that includes ReactiveCaching. See the example of how to set it up.

For more information, read the internal issue Redis (or ReactiveCache) soft and hard limits.

When to use

  • If we need to make a request to an external API (for example, requests to the k8s API). It is not advisable to keep the application server worker blocked for the duration of the external request.
  • If a model needs to perform a lot of database calls or other time consuming calculations.

How to use

In models and integrations

The ReactiveCaching concern can be used in models as well as integrations (app/models/integrations).

  1. Include the concern in your model or integration.

    To include the concern in a model:

    ruby
    include ReactiveCaching

    To include the concern in an integration:

    ruby
    include Integrations::ReactivelyCached

  2. Implement the calculate_reactive_cache method in your model or integration.

  3. Call with_reactive_cache in your model or integration where the cached value is needed.

  4. Set the reactive_cache_work_type accordingly.

In controllers

Controller endpoints that call a model or service method that uses ReactiveCaching should not wait until the background worker completes.

  • An API that calls a model or service method that uses ReactiveCaching should return 202 accepted when the cache is being calculated (when #with_reactive_cache returns nil).
  • It should also set the polling interval header with Gitlab::PollingInterval.set_header.
  • The consumer of the API is expected to poll the API.
  • You can also consider implementing ETag caching to reduce the server load caused by polling.

Methods to implement in a model or service

These are methods that should be implemented in the model/service that includes ReactiveCaching.

#calculate_reactive_cache (required)

  • This method must be implemented. Its return value is cached.
  • It is called by ReactiveCaching when it needs to populate the cache.
  • Any arguments passed to with_reactive_cache are also passed to calculate_reactive_cache.

#reactive_cache_updated (optional)

  • This method can be implemented if needed.
  • It is called by the ReactiveCaching concern whenever the cache is updated. If the cache is being refreshed and the new cache value is the same as the old cache value, this method is not called. It is only called if a new value is stored in the cache.
  • It can be used to perform an action whenever the cache is updated.

Methods called by a model or service

These are methods provided by ReactiveCaching and should be called in the model/service.

#with_reactive_cache (required)

  • with_reactive_cache must be called where the result of calculate_reactive_cache is required.

  • A block can be given to with_reactive_cache. with_reactive_cache can also take any number of arguments. Any arguments passed to with_reactive_cache are passed to calculate_reactive_cache. The arguments passed to with_reactive_cache are appended to the cache key name.

  • If with_reactive_cache is called when the result has already been cached, the block is called, yielding the cached value and the return value of the block is returned by with_reactive_cache. It also resets the timeout of the cache to the reactive_cache_lifetime value.

  • If the result has not been cached as yet, with_reactive_cache return nil. It also enqueues a background job, which calls calculate_reactive_cache and caches the result.

  • After the background job has completed and the result is cached, the next call to with_reactive_cache picks up the cached value.

  • In the example below, data is the cached value which is yielded to the block given to with_reactive_cache.

    ruby
    class Foo < ApplicationRecord
  include ReactiveCaching

  def calculate_reactive_cache(param1, param2)
    # Expensive operation here. The return value of this method is cached
  end

  def result
    with_reactive_cache(param1, param2) do |data|
      # ...
    end
  end
end

#clear_reactive_cache! (optional)

  • This method can be called when the cache needs to be expired/cleared. For example, it can be called in an after_save callback in a model so that the cache is cleared after the model is modified.
  • This method should be called with the same parameters that are passed to with_reactive_cache because the parameters are part of the cache key.

#without_reactive_cache (optional)

  • This is a convenience method that can be used for debugging purposes.
  • This method calls calculate_reactive_cache in the current process instead of in a background worker.

Configurable options

There are some class_attribute options which can be tweaked.

self.reactive_cache_key

  • The value of this attribute is the prefix to the data and alive cache key names. The parameters passed to with_reactive_cache form the rest of the cache key names.

  • By default, this key uses the model's name and the ID of the record.

    ruby
    self.reactive_cache_key = -> (record) { [model_name.singular, record.id] }

  • The data cache key is "ExampleModel:1:arg1:arg2" and alive cache keys is "ExampleModel:1:arg1:arg2:alive", where ExampleModel is the name of the model, 1 is the ID of the record, arg1 and arg2 are parameters passed to with_reactive_cache.

  • If you're including this concern in an integration (app/models/integrations/) instead, you must override the default by adding the following to your integration:

    ruby
    self.reactive_cache_key = ->(integration) { [integration.class.model_name.singular, integration.project_id] }

    If your reactive_cache_key is exactly like the above, you can use the existing Integrations::ReactivelyCached concern instead.

self.reactive_cache_lease_timeout

  • ReactiveCaching uses Gitlab::ExclusiveLease to ensure that the cache calculation is never run concurrently by multiple workers.
  • This attribute is the timeout for the Gitlab::ExclusiveLease.
  • It defaults to 2 minutes, but can be overridden if a different timeout is required.
ruby
self.reactive_cache_lease_timeout = 2.minutes

self.reactive_cache_refresh_interval

  • This is the interval at which the cache is refreshed.
  • It defaults to 1 minute.
ruby
self.reactive_cache_refresh_interval = 1.minute

self.reactive_cache_lifetime

  • This is the duration after which the cache is cleared if there are no requests.
  • The default is 10 minutes. If there are no requests for this cache value for 10 minutes, the cache expires.
  • If the cache value is requested before it expires, the timeout of the cache is reset to reactive_cache_lifetime.
ruby
self.reactive_cache_lifetime = 10.minutes

self.reactive_cache_hard_limit

  • This is the maximum data size that ReactiveCaching allows to be cached.
  • The default is 1 megabyte. Data that goes over this value is not cached and silently raises ReactiveCaching::ExceededReactiveCacheLimit on Sentry.
ruby
self.reactive_cache_hard_limit = 5.megabytes

self.reactive_cache_work_type

  • This is the type of work performed by the calculate_reactive_cache method. Based on this attribute, it's able to pick the right worker to process the caching job. Make sure to set it as :external_dependency if the work performs any external request (for example, Kubernetes, Sentry); otherwise set it to :no_dependency or no_dependency_low_urgency.

self.reactive_cache_worker_finder

  • This is the method used by the background worker to find or generate the object on which calculate_reactive_cache can be called.

  • By default it uses the model primary key to find the object:

    ruby
    self.reactive_cache_worker_finder = ->(id, *_args) do
  find_by(primary_key => id)
end

  • The default behavior can be overridden by defining a custom reactive_cache_worker_finder.

    ruby
    class Foo < ApplicationRecord
  include ReactiveCaching

  self.reactive_cache_worker_finder = ->(_id, *args) { from_cache(*args) }

  def self.from_cache(var1, var2)
    # This method will be called by the background worker with "bar1" and
    # "bar2" as arguments.
    new(var1, var2)
  end

  def initialize(var1, var2)
    # ...
  end

  def calculate_reactive_cache(var1, var2)
    # Expensive operation here. The return value of this method is cached
  end

  def result
    with_reactive_cache("bar1", "bar2") do |data|
      # ...
    end
  end
end
    • In this example, the primary key ID is passed to reactive_cache_worker_finder along with the parameters passed to with_reactive_cache.
    • The custom reactive_cache_worker_finder calls .from_cache with the parameters passed to with_reactive_cache.

Changing the cache keys

Due to how reactive caching works, changing parameters for the calculate_reactive_cache method is like changing parameters for a Sidekiq worker. So the same rules need to be followed.

For example, if a new parameter is added to the calculate_reactive_cache method;

  1. Add the argument to the calculate_reactive_cache method with a default value (Release M).
  2. Add the new argument to all the invocations of the with_reactive_cache method (Release M+1).
  3. Remove the default value (Release M+2).