SQL Rules

Core Principles

1. Filter early and read as little data as possible.
2. Select only needed columns.
3. Do complex work later in the pipeline.
4. Prefer ClickHouse functions; only supported functions are allowed.

Query Requirements

• SQL must be valid ClickHouse SQL with Tinybird templating (Tornado).
• Only SELECT statements are allowed.
• Avoid CTEs; use nodes or subqueries instead.
• Do not use system tables (system.tables, system.datasources, information_schema.tables).
• Do not use CREATE/INSERT/DELETE/TRUNCATE or currentDatabase().

Parameter and Templating Rules

• If parameters are used, the query must start with % on its own line.
• Parameter functions: String, DateTime, Date, Float32, Float64, Int, Integer, UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, UInt128, UInt256, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Int128, Int256.
• Parameter names must be different from column names.
• Default values must be hardcoded.
• Parameters are never quoted.
• In defined() checks, do not quote the parameter name.

Bad:

SELECT * FROM events WHERE session_id={{String(my_param, "default")}}

Good:

%
SELECT * FROM events WHERE session_id={{String(my_param, "default")}}

Join and Aggregation Rules

• Filter before JOINs and GROUP BY.
• Avoid joining tables with >1M rows without filtering.
• Avoid nested aggregates; use subqueries instead.
• Use AggregateFunction columns with -Merge combinators.

Operation Order

1. WHERE filters
2. Select needed columns
3. JOIN
4. GROUP BY / aggregates
5. ORDER BY
6. LIMIT

External Tables

Iceberg:

FROM iceberg('s3://bucket/path/to/table', {{tb_secret('aws_access_key_id')}}, {{tb_secret('aws_secret_access_key')}})

Postgres:

FROM postgresql({{ tb_secret("db_host_port") }}, 'database', 'table', {{tb_secret('db_username')}}, {{tb_secret('db_password')}}, 'schema_optional')

Do not split host and port into multiple secrets.