ggwave

Tiny data-over-sound library.

Click on the images below to hear what it sounds like:

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1991296/166411509-5e1b9bcb-3655-40b1-9dc3-9bec72889dcf.mp4

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1991296/168469004-aeb9b9fe-cf81-4db7-b602-62e4ae659341.mp4

Details

This library allows you to communicate small amounts of data between air-gapped devices using sound. It implements a simple FSK-based transmission protocol that can be easily integrated in various projects. The bandwidth rate is between 8-16 bytes/sec depending on the protocol parameters. Error correction codes (ECC) are used to improve demodulation robustness.

This library is used only to generate and analyze the RAW waveforms that are played and captured from your audio devices (speakers, microphones, etc.). You are free to use any audio backend (e.g. PulseAudio, ALSA, etc.) as long as you provide callbacks for queuing and dequeuing audio samples.

Here is a list of possible applications of ggwave with a few examples:

Serverless, one-to-many broadcast
- wave-share - file sharing through sound
Internet of Things
- esp32-rx, arduino-rx, rp2040-rx, arduino-tx - Sand and receive sound data on microcontrollers
- r2t2 - Transmit data with the PC speaker
- buttons - Record and send commands via Talking buttons
Audio QR codes
- [Twitter] - Broadcast your clipboard to nearby devices
Device pairing
Authorization

Try it out

You can easily test the library using the free waver application which is available on the following platforms:

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Browser demos

HTTP service

bash

# audible example
curl -sS 'https://ggwave-to-file.ggerganov.com/?m=Hello%20world!' --output hello.wav

# ultrasound example
curl -sS 'https://ggwave-to-file.ggerganov.com/?m=Hello%20world!&p=4' --output hello.wav

Technical details

Below is a short summary of the modulation and demodulation algorithm used in ggwave for encoding and decoding data into sound.

Modulation (Tx)

The current approach uses a multi-frequency Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) modulation scheme. The data to be transmitted is first split into 4-bit chunks. At each moment of time, 3 bytes are transmitted using 6 tones - one tone for each 4-bit chunk. The 6 tones are emitted in a 4.5kHz range divided in 96 equally-spaced frequencies:

Freq, [Hz]	Value, [bits]	Freq, [Hz]	Value, [bits]	...	Freq, [Hz]	Value, [bits]
`F0 + 00*dF`	Chunk 0: `0000`	`F0 + 16*dF`	Chunk 1: `0000`	...	`F0 + 80*dF`	Chunk 5: `0000`
`F0 + 01*dF`	Chunk 0: `0001`	`F0 + 17*dF`	Chunk 1: `0001`	...	`F0 + 81*dF`	Chunk 5: `0001`
`F0 + 02*dF`	Chunk 0: `0010`	`F0 + 18*dF`	Chunk 1: `0010`	...	`F0 + 82*dF`	Chunk 5: `0010`
...	...	...	...	...	...	...
`F0 + 14*dF`	Chunk 0: `1110`	`F0 + 30*dF`	Chunk 1: `1110`	...	`F0 + 94*dF`	Chunk 5: `1110`
`F0 + 15*dF`	Chunk 0: `1111`	`F0 + 31*dF`	Chunk 1: `1111`	...	`F0 + 95*dF`	Chunk 5: `1111`

For all protocols: dF = 46.875 Hz. For non-ultrasonic protocols: F0 = 1875.000 Hz. For ultrasonic protocols: F0 = 15000.000 Hz.

The original data is encoded using Reed-Solomon error codes. The number of ECC bytes is determined based on the length of the original data. The encoded data is the one being transmitted.

Demodulation (Rx)

Beginning and ending of the transmission are marked with special sound markers (#13). The receiver listens for these markers and records the in-between sound data. The recorded data is then Fourier transformed to obtain a frequency spectrum. The detected frequencies are decoded back to binary data in the same way they were encoded.

Reed-Solomon decoding is finally performed to obtain the original data.

Examples

The examples folder contains several sample applications of the library:

Example	Description	Audio
ggtag	Sound-programmable e-paper badge	PDM mic
ggwave-rx	Very basic receive-only program	SDL
ggwave-cli	Command line tool for sending/receiving data through sound	SDL
ggwave-wasm	WebAssembly module for web applications	SDL
ggwave-to-file	Output a generated waveform to an uncompressed WAV file	-
ggwave-from-file	Decode a waveform from an uncompressed WAV file	-
waver	GUI application for sending/receiving data through sound	SDL
ggwave-py	Python examples	PortAudio
ggwave-js	Javascript example	Web Audio API
spectrogram	Spectrogram tool	SDL
ggweb-spike	Android example using a `WebView` to wrap `ggwave` into a simple app	WebAudio
buttons	Record and send commands via Talking buttons	Web Audio API
r2t2	Transmit data through the PC speaker	PC speaker
ggwave-objc	Minimal Objective-C iOS app using ggwave	AudioToolbox
ggwave-java	Minimal Java Android app using ggwave	android.media
ggwave-fm	Transmit ggwave messages with HackRF	Radio
esp32-rx	Transmit and receive messages using ESP32	-
rp2040-rx	Transmit and receive messages using Raspberry Pi Pico (RP2040)	-
arduino-rx	Transmit and receive messages using Arduino RP2040	-
arduino-tx	Transmit messages using Arduino Uno	-
arduino-rx-web	Receive messages from Arduino Uno	Web Audio API

Other projects using ggwave or one of its prototypes:

wave-gui - a GUI for exploring different modulation protocols
wave-share - WebRTC file sharing with sound signaling

Building

Dependencies for SDL-based examples

[Ubuntu]
$ sudo apt install libsdl2-dev

[Mac OS with brew]
$ brew install sdl2

[MSYS2]
$ pacman -S git cmake make mingw-w64-x86_64-dlfcn mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc mingw-w64-x86_64-SDL2

Linux, Mac, Windows (MSYS2)

bash

# build
git clone https://github.com/ggerganov/ggwave --recursive
cd ggwave && mkdir build && cd build
cmake ..
make

# running
./bin/ggwave-cli

Local Debian packages

Build reproducible libggwave-dev and python3-ggwave Debian packages:

bash

# Fetch source
git clone https://github.com/ggerganov/ggwave --recursive
cd ggwave

# Configure
cmake . -DGGWAVE_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release

# Build
make deb

# Install
sudo dpkg -i dist/*.deb

Emscripten

bash

git clone https://github.com/ggerganov/ggwave --recursive
cd ggwave
mkdir build && cd build
emcmake cmake ..
make

Python

bash

pip install ggwave

More info: https://pypi.org/project/ggwave/

Node.js

bash

npm install ggwave

More info: https://www.npmjs.com/package/ggwave

iOS

Available as a Swift Package: https://github.com/ggerganov/ggwave-spm

Installing the Waver application

Linux

bash

sudo snap install waver
sudo snap connect waver:audio-record :audio-record

Mac OS

bash

brew install ggerganov/ggerganov/waver