3.1.6. <span class="pho">ɒ/ɑː/ɔː/ɔːr</span>

基础元音 <span class="pho">ɔ</span> 的口型，比 <span class="pho">u</span> 大，比 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 小。它和 <span class="pho">u</span> 一样，也是 “圆元音”（round vowel）—— 它在发声的时候，嘴唇动作非常明显，要在嘴唇形成一个小的圆形之后才开始发音。

3.1.6.1 示例

<table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td> <td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>D.J.</td> <td>例词（Example）</td> <td>IPA</td> <td>例词（Example）</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ɒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sock_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_horse_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>redr<b>aw</b> <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/redraw-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/redraw-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_horse_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>redr<b>aw</b> <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/redraw-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/redraw-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="pho">ɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ho_rse_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>sh<b>ore</b><span class="pho alt">ʃɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/shore-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/shore-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

3.1.6.2 半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>

在英音中，<span class="pho">ɒ</span> 是个短元音，但，它在美音中，发音习惯不同，读作 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>，是个半长元音。主要区别在于两方面：

1. 嘴张得更大一些（圆形嘴唇动作不明显）
2. 声音拉得更长一些（比短元音长，比长元音短 —— 不过，读成长元音其实也没什么大问题）

在《剑桥英语发声词典》里，对应着英音的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 美音标注干脆直接用 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 替代。说实话，这么做也多少令人困惑，比如，仅从音标来看就分不清楚 bot<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bot-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 bought<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bought-us-female.mp3"></span>，因为它们都被标注成 <span class="pho alt">bɑːt</span> —— 当然从发音来看也无法区分。

这两个词的英音区别很明显 —— 长短不一样:

• bot <span class="pho alt">bɒt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/bot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/bot-uk-female.mp3"></span> bought <span class="pho alt">bɔːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/bought-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/bought-uk-female.mp3"></span>

换言之，美式英语里相当于没有 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 这个音，不妨再感受下这两个词： dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 God <span class="pho alt">gɑːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/god-us-female.mp3"></span>。

英音里的长元音 <span class="pho">ɔː</span> 也同样被美音读成 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>。比如，draw <span class="pho alt">drɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/draw-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/draw-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 redraw <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/redraw-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/redraw-us-female.mp3"></span>¹。

3.1.6.3 儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɔːr</span>

长元音 <span class="pho">ɔː</span> 在美式英语里基本上都带着儿化音 —— 同样适用 “舌背后缩” 的方式。也许口型张得相对更大一些，但，很少有 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 的音色。<span class="pho">ɔːr</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔᵊr</span> 或者写成 <span class="pho">ɔɚ</span>。比如，more <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/more-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 请仔细体会轻微的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。但有时那个加音也可能近乎于无，比如， ordinary <span class="pho alt">ˈɔːrdəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ordinary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ordinary-us-female.mp3"></span>……

3.1.6.4. <span class="pho">ɔː</span>

有时，<span class="pho">ɔːr</span> 的 <span class="pho">r</span> 会和后面元音开头的音节连在一起，比如，inventory <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnvəntɔːri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inventory-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inventory-us-female.mp3"></span>，这样的时候，即便是在美音里，也听到的是和 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 非常不一样的没有被儿化的 <span class="pho">ɔː</span>。

另外，<span class="pho">ɔːl</span> 的组合也很常见，比如，palsy <span class="pho alt">ˈpɔːl.zi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palsy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palsy-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 wall <span class="pho alt">wɔːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wall-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wall-us-female.mp3"></span>。

3.1.6.5. 常见拼写

<span class="pho">ɑː</span> (equivalent to British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>)

• a
  • father <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • watch <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watch-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • wasp <span class="pho alt">wɑːsp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wasp-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wasp-us-female.mp3"></span>
• al
  • almond <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːl.mənd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/almond-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/almond-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • balm <span class="pho alt">bɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/balm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/balm-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • palm <span class="pho alt">pɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palm-us-female.mp3"></span>
• au
  • because <span class="pho alt">bɪˈkɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/because-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/because-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • clause <span class="pho alt">klɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clause-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clause-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • paunch <span class="pho alt">pɑːntʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/paunch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/paunch-us-female.mp3"></span>
• aw
  • drawn <span class="pho alt">drɑːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drawn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drawn-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • awning <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.nɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/awning-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/awning-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • law <span class="pho alt">lɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/law-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/law-us-female.mp3"></span>
• o
  • hot <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • log <span class="pho alt">lɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/log-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/log-us-female.mp3"></span>
• ough
  • bought <span class="pho alt">bɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bought-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • fought <span class="pho alt">fɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fought-us-female.mp3"></span>

<span class="pho">ɔː</span>

• al
  • palsy <span class="pho alt">ˈpɔːl.zi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palsy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palsy-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • saltine <span class="pho alt">sɔːlˈtiːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/saltine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/saltine-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • wall <span class="pho alt">wɔːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wall-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wall-us-female.mp3"></span>
• au
  • aurora <span class="pho alt">ɔːˈrɔːr.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aurora-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aurora-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • caudal <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔː.dəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/caudal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/caudal-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • saute <span class="pho alt">sɔːˈteɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/saute-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/saute-us-female.mp3"></span>
• aw
  • draw <span class="pho alt">drɔː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/draw-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/draw-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • saw <span class="pho alt">sɔː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/saw-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/saw-us-female.mp3"></span>
• o
  • boring <span class="pho alt">ˈbɔː.rɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boring-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • orange <span class="pho alt">ˈɔːr.ɪndʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/orange-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/orange-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • inventory <span class="pho alt">ˈɪn.vən.tɔːr.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inventory-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inventory-us-female.mp3"></span>

<span class="pho">ɔːr</span>

• or
  • fork <span class="pho alt">fɔːrk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fork-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fork-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • horse <span class="pho alt">hɔːrs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/horse-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • short <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/short-us-female.mp3"></span>
• oar
  • board <span class="pho alt">bɔːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/board-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/board-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • soar <span class="pho alt">sɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/soar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/soar-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • roar <span class="pho alt">rɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/roar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/roar-us-female.mp3"></span>
• our
  • four <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/four-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/four-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • pour <span class="pho alt">pɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pour-us-female.mp3"></span>
• ore
  • core <span class="pho alt">kɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/core-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/core-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • more <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/more-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • shore <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/shore-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/shore-us-female.mp3"></span>
• oor
  • door <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/door-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • floor <span class="pho alt">flɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/floor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/floor-us-female.mp3"></span>

Footnotes

1. 事实上，redraw 在《剑桥英语发声词典》里被标注为 <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɔː</span> —— 很可能是个编辑过程中的 “漏网之鱼”。 ↩