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3.1.3. ɪ/i/iː/ɪr

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3.1.3. <span class="pho">ɪ</span>/<span class="pho">i</span>/<span class="pho"></span>/<span class="pho">ɪr</span>

在美式英语中,<span class="pho">i</span>3 个版本,短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>、长元音 <span class="pho"></span> 和轻元音 <span class="pho">i</span>。其中,<span class="pho">i</span><span class="pho"></span> 的口型最小,<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的口型相对较大。

3.1.3.1. 示例

<table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td> <td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>D.J.</td> <td>例词(Example)</td> <td>IPA</td> <td>例词(Example)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_ship_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>th<b>i</b>s <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/this-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/this-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ship_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>th<b>i</b>s <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>tr<b>ee</b> <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/tree-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>tr<b>ee</b> <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>cit<b>y</b> <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/city-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/city-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">i<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span></span></td> <td>cit<b>y</b> <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>id<b>ea</b> <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/idea-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/idea-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>g<b>ear</b> <span class="pho alt">ɡɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gear-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gear-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

3.1.3.2. 短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>

短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 并不简单地是长元音 <span class="pho"></span> 的更短版本,它更像是 <span class="pho">e</span><span class="pho">i</span> 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 <span class="pho"></span>,从唇形上来看<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更接近 <span class="pho">e</span>

仔细听听这几个词汇:

  • bit <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • hill <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span>

3.1.3.3. 长元音 <span class="pho"></span>

<span class="pho"></span> 并不简单地是短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的长版本,它没有 <span class="pho"></span> 的音色,口型相对于 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更为扁平。

再进行一下比较:

  • bit <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span>beat <span class="pho alt">bi:t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beat-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span>seat <span class="pho alt">si:t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seat-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • hill <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span>heal <span class="pho alt">hi:l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/heal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/heal-us-female.mp3"></span>

3.1.3.4. 轻元音 <span class="pho">i</span>

<span class="pho">i</span> 这个音实际上还有个半长元音版本,尤其是在词汇末尾的时候最为常见,它更倾向于像是 <span class="pho"></span> 这个长元音的更短版本,是个轻元音 —— 因为它只出现在非重音音节之中。

比如,city <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3"></span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/city-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/city-uk-female.mp3"></span> 或者 responsibility <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/responsibility-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/responsibility-uk-female.mp3"></span> —— 在这一点上,英音美音都是一样的。

值得注意的是,这一点很可能与我们在中国大陆的学校里学到的不一样 —— 主要是因为我们的教材常年不更新的缘故。《剑桥英语发声词典》也是到了第 13 版才全面把词汇末尾的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更改为 <span class="pho">i</span>(还专门有个名字,叫作 happy i)。另外,绝大多数电子词典配备 “真人发音” 也只不过是近十几年的事情而已。

3.1.3.5. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ɪr</span>

格外需要注意的是,<span class="pho">ɪr</span> 实际上是 <span class="pho">i</span> 的儿化音,而不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的儿化音。

<span class="pho">ɪr</span>,相当于英音中的 <span class="pho">ɪə</span>,相当于是一个儿化的双元音 —— 可以理解为 <span class="pho">iᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho"></span>,比如,ear <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 不过要小心,不是所有的末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都是儿化的,比如 idea <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdiː.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/idea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/idea-us-female.mp3"></span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 就没有儿化。

3.1.3.6. 常见拼写

<span class="pho">ɪ</span>

  • i
    • bit <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • hill <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • y
    • gym <span class="pho alt">dʒɪm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gym-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gym-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • myth <span class="pho alt">mɪθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/myth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/myth-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • symbol <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪm.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/symbol-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/symbol-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • e
    • pretty <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪt̬.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pretty-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pretty-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • English <span class="pho alt">ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/english-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/english-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • ui
    • build <span class="pho alt">bɪld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/build-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/build-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • guitar <span class="pho alt">ɡɪˈtɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guitar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guitar-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • guilty <span class="pho alt">ˈɡɪl.ti</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guilty-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guilty-us-female.mp3"></span>

<span class="pho"></span>

  • ee
    • bee <span class="pho alt">biː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bee-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • see <span class="pho alt">siː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/see-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/see-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • tree <span class="pho alt">triː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • ea
    • eat <span class="pho alt">iːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/eat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/eat-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • beach <span class="pho alt">biːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beach-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beach-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • leave <span class="pho alt">liːv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/leave-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/leave-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • e
    • he <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/he-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/he-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • me <span class="pho alt">miː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/me-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/me-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • she <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/she-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • ie
    • believe <span class="pho alt">bɪˈliːv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/believe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/believe-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • field <span class="pho alt">fiːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/field-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/field-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • chief <span class="pho alt">tʃiːf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chief-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chief-us-female.mp3"></span>

<span class="pho">i</span>

  • y
    • happy <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happy-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • certainly <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.tən.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/certainly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/certainly-us-female.mp3"></span>
    • unexpectedly <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.ɪkˈspek.tɪd.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unexpectedly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unexpectedly-us-female.mp3"></span>