1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md
在美式英语中,<span class="pho">i</span> 有 3 个版本,短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>、长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span> 和轻元音 <span class="pho">i</span>。其中,<span class="pho">i</span> 和 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的口型最小,<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的口型相对较大。
短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 并不简单地是长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的更短版本,它更像是 <span class="pho">e</span> 和 <span class="pho">i</span> 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 <span class="pho">eɪ</span>,从唇形上来看<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更接近 <span class="pho">e</span> 。
仔细听听这几个词汇:
- bit <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span>
- sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span>
- hill <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span>
<span class="pho">iː</span> 并不简单地是短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的长版本,它没有 <span class="pho">eɪ</span> 的音色,口型相对于 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更为扁平。
再进行一下比较:
- bit <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ beat <span class="pho alt">bi:t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beat-us-female.mp3"></span>
- sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ seat <span class="pho alt">si:t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seat-us-female.mp3"></span>
- hill <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ heal <span class="pho alt">hi:l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/heal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/heal-us-female.mp3"></span>
<span class="pho">i</span> 这个音实际上还有个半长元音版本,尤其是在词汇末尾的时候最为常见,它更倾向于像是 <span class="pho">iː</span> 这个长元音的更短版本,是个轻元音 —— 因为它只出现在非重音音节之中。
比如,city <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3"></span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/city-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/city-uk-female.mp3"></span> 或者 responsibility <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/responsibility-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/responsibility-uk-female.mp3"></span> —— 在这一点上,英音美音都是一样的。
值得注意的是,这一点很可能与我们在中国大陆的学校里学到的不一样 —— 主要是因为我们的教材常年不更新的缘故。《剑桥英语发声词典》也是到了第 13 版才全面把词汇末尾的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更改为 <span class="pho">i</span>(还专门有个名字,叫作 happy i)。另外,绝大多数电子词典配备 “真人发音” 也只不过是近十几年的事情而已。
格外需要注意的是,<span class="pho">ɪr</span> 实际上是 <span class="pho">i</span> 的儿化音,而不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的儿化音。
<span class="pho">ɪr</span>,相当于英音中的 <span class="pho">ɪə</span>,相当于是一个儿化的双元音 —— 可以理解为 <span class="pho">iᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">iɚ</span>,比如,ear <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 不过要小心,不是所有的末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都是儿化的,比如 idea <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdiː.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/idea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/idea-us-female.mp3"></span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 就没有儿化。