3.1.2. <span class="pho">ʌ</span>/<span class="pho">ɑː</span>/<span class="pho">ɑːr</span>

在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 有 3 个版本，短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>、半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>，和长元音的儿化版 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>。其中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的口型最小，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的口型最大。

3.1.2.1. 示例

<table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td> <td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>D.J.</td> <td>例词（Example）</td> <td>IPA</td> <td>例词（Example）</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ʌ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/but-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/but-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ʌ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/father-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/father-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="pho">ɒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sock_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog-uk-male.mp3"></span></td> <td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="pho">ɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_card_2023feb.mp3"></span></td> <td>c<b>ar</b>d <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3"></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

3.1.2.2. 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>

在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 略有 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色，甚至有些美国词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个符号替代 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> —— 比如韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）中 but 这个词的音标被写成 <span class="pho alt">bət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3"></span>。另外，英国人说 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的时候，口型相对美国人更大一些。

3.1.1.3. 半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>

在《剑桥英语发声词典》中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于半长元音，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。

另外，《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>。除了《剑桥英语发声词典》之外，大多词典会把 hot 的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— 即，没有长元音符号。但是《剑桥英语发声词典》会标注成 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3"></span>。所以，按照《剑桥英语发声词典》的标注，我们可以这么理解：在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 最短，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 更长一些，而 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 最长。

3.1.1.4. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>

<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用舌背后缩的方式发出（Bunched R）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，比如 card <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>。

3.1.1.5. <span class="pho">ɑː</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">æ</span>

除了《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 ask，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。

3.1.1.6. 常见拼写

<span class="pho">ʌ</span>

• u
  • sun <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sun-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sun-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • cup <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cup-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • but <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3"></span>
• o
  • son <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/son-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/son-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • comfort <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌm.fɚt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • money <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌn.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/money-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/money-us-female.mp3"></span>
• ou
  • young <span class="pho alt">jʌŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/young-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/young-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • double <span class="pho alt">ˈdʌb.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/double-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/double-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • country <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌn.tri</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/country-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/country-us-female.mp3"></span>
• oo
  • blood <span class="pho alt">blʌd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blood-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • flood <span class="pho alt">flʌd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flood-us-female.mp3"></span>

<span class="pho">ɑː</span> (also equivalent to British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>)

• a
  • father <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • watch <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watch-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • wasp <span class="pho alt">wɑːsp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wasp-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wasp-us-female.mp3"></span>
• al
  • almond <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːl.mənd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/almond-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/almond-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • balm <span class="pho alt">bɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/balm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/balm-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • palm <span class="pho alt">pɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palm-us-female.mp3"></span>
• au
  • because <span class="pho alt">bɪˈkɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/because-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/because-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • clause <span class="pho alt">klɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clause-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clause-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • paunch <span class="pho alt">pɑːntʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/paunch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/paunch-us-female.mp3"></span>
• aw
  • drawn <span class="pho alt">drɑːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drawn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drawn-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • awning <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.nɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/awning-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/awning-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • law <span class="pho alt">lɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/law-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/law-us-female.mp3"></span>
• o
  • hot <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • log <span class="pho alt">lɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/log-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/log-us-female.mp3"></span>
• ough
  • bought <span class="pho alt">bɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bought-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • fought <span class="pho alt">fɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fought-us-female.mp3"></span>

<span class="pho">ɑːr</span>

• ar
  • car <span class="pho alt">kɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/car-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/car-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • far <span class="pho alt">fɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/far-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/far-us-female.mp3"></span>
  • start <span class="pho alt">stɑːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/start-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/start-us-female.mp3"></span>