Development

This page is a contributor-oriented tour of the Etherpad source tree and of a few internals that plugin authors and core contributors commonly need to understand: how the source is laid out, how pads are converted to and from other formats, and how to access the database from server-side code.

The Etherpad server is written in TypeScript (.ts). Most server code lives under src/node/ and most client code under src/static/js/.

Source tree overview

The repository root contains, among others, the following directories:

etherpad/
|- bin/        # maintenance and build scripts (run.sh, pad tools, docs, release)
|- doc/        # this manual, in AsciiDoc and Markdown
|- src/        # the Etherpad source code
|- packaging/  # OS/distribution packaging helpers
|- var/        # runtime data (e.g. the dirty.db database file)

bin/ contains scripts for running and maintaining Etherpad. For example bin/run.sh starts the server, and there are TypeScript utilities such as bin/checkPad.ts, bin/deletePad.ts, bin/repairPad.ts, bin/rebuildPad.ts, bin/migrateDB.ts and bin/make_docs.ts.

The HTML manual is built from the AsciiDoc sources in doc/ by bin/make_docs.ts (exposed as the makeDocs script), which shells out to asciidoctor and writes the result to out/doc/. From the repository root you can run it with pnpm run makeDocs. (asciidoctor must be installed.)

The src/ directory looks like this:

src/
|- locales/      # translations, managed via https://translatewiki.net
|- node/         # server-side code
|- static/       # client-side code, CSS and fonts
|- templates/    # server-rendered page templates
|- ep.json       # core plugin/hook registration
|- package.json  # package name: ep_etherpad-lite

src/node/ (server side)

src/node/
|- db/        # database access and pad/author/group/session state
|- eejs/      # server-side embedded-JS templating
|- handler/   # import/export and collaboration message handling
|- hooks/     # express route registration and i18n
|- security/  # crypto, OAuth2/OIDC, secret rotation
|- types/     # shared TypeScript types
|- updater/   # in-place self-update machinery
|- utils/     # settings, import/export format helpers, toolbar, minification
|- server.ts  # entry point

db/ contains the modules that read and write pad state. Pad.ts manages an individual pad; PadManager.ts, AuthorManager.ts, GroupManager.ts, SessionManager.ts and ReadOnlyManager.ts manage the corresponding records; DB.ts exposes the low-level key/value store (see Accessing the database from server code / plugins); and API.ts implements the public HTTP API.

handler/ contains the request and message handlers. PadMessageHandler.ts drives real-time collaboration, while ImportHandler.ts and ExportHandler.ts handle import and export.

hooks/ contains mostly Express-related code. i18n.ts builds the translation files and registers routes to serve them, and hooks/express/ registers the routes that serve pads, the timeslider, static assets and the admin pages.

utils/ contains the import/export format converters (ImportHtml.ts, ExportHtml.ts, ExportTxt.ts, ExportEtherpad.ts, ImportEtherpad.ts, ExportHelper.ts, and native converters such as ExportPdfNative.ts and ImportDocxNative.ts), the settings parser (Settings.ts), the toolbar builder (toolbar.ts) and the asset minifier (Minify.ts).

src/static/ (client side)

src/static/
|- css/    # stylesheets, including css/pad/icons.css
|- font/   # web fonts, including the fontawesome-etherpad icon font
|- img/
|- js/     # client-side TypeScript
|- skins/  # bundled UI skins
|- vendor/

js/ contains the client-side editor code. Notable modules include ace2_inner.ts and ace2_common.ts (the editor core), contentcollector.ts, linestylefilter.ts and domline.ts (content/attribute processing, shared with the server import/export pipeline), Changeset.ts and AttributePool.ts (the changeset and attribute model), and collab_client.ts (the client side of real-time collaboration).

src/templates/

templates/ contains the server-rendered page templates for the index, the pad, the timeslider and the admin pages, plus the bootstrap scripts that load the client bundles. The templates expose named eejs blocks that plugins can hook into to inject custom HTML.

How Etherpad converts pads to and from other formats

Internally a pad is not stored as HTML. A pad is a sequence of lines, and each line carries attributes (for example heading1, bullet or a list number). The set of attributes that a pad can use is stored in its attribute pool; the pool only records which attributes exist, not where they are applied. The pool grows over the history of the pad.

Where an attribute is applied to a line is recorded in an attribute string, and a line that carries a line-level attribute is prefixed with a line marker (lmkr). Attribute strings and changesets are defined by src/static/js/Changeset.ts and src/static/js/AttributePool.ts.

Collecting content

src/static/js/contentcollector.ts is the shared starting point for both the client (when content is typed or pasted) and the server (when content is imported). It walks the incoming DOM/HTML, decides which attributes apply to each line, adds the discovered attributes to the attribute pool, and emits the resulting attribute strings. On import, src/node/utils/ImportHtml.ts calls contentcollector.makeContentCollector(...) to do exactly this, and the HTML import path in src/node/handler/ImportHandler.ts ultimately drives it.

From attributes to HTML/text (export)

On export the flow is, conceptually:

contentcollector.ts
  -> linestylefilter.ts
    -> ExportHtml.ts / ExportTxt.ts (helped by ExportHelper.ts)
      -> ExportHandler.ts
        -> the HTTP API / /export/* route

• src/static/js/linestylefilter.ts walks each line, reads its attributes, and turns them into the classes/markup the line should render with.
• src/node/utils/ExportHelper.ts adds export-only logic that does not belong in the live editor. The clearest example is lists: in the editor each list item is rendered as its own line-level block, but a clean export needs the items collapsed into a single properly nested list. The helper performs that reshaping for export only.
• src/node/utils/ExportHtml.ts and src/node/utils/ExportTxt.ts (and ExportEtherpad.ts for the native .etherpad format) turn the attributed text (atext) into the final HTML or plain text.
• src/node/handler/ExportHandler.ts receives the export request and dispatches on the requested format — for instance, office formats such as .docx and .pdf are routed through the native converters / LibreOffice rather than through the plain HTML/text path.

On the client side, edits are turned into changesets by the editor, attributes are translated into CSS classes (so heading2 becomes class="heading2"), and src/static/js/domline.ts (createDomLine) renders the final DOM for each line.

Accessing the database from server code / plugins

Etherpad stores everything in a single key/value store backed by ueberDB, which abstracts over the configured database (dirtyDB, MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, MongoDB, Redis, and others). Server-side code and plugins access it through src/node/db/DB.ts.

The package name of the core module is, for historical reasons, still ep_etherpad-lite, so plugins import the database module like this:

const db = require('ep_etherpad-lite/node/db/DB');

The exposed methods are asynchronous and return promises (use await), not the old callback style. The available methods are get, set, remove, getSub, setSub, findKeys and findKeysPaged:

// Read a record (returns undefined/null if it does not exist)
const value = await db.get('record_key');

// Create or replace a record
await db.set('record_key', data);

// Read or write a nested value inside a record
const colorId = await db.getSub('author_key', ['colorId']);
await db.setSub('author_key', ['email'], '[email protected]');

// Delete a record
await db.remove('record_key');

For example, given the author record:

{"colorId":"#79d9d9","name":"tutti","timestamp":1364832712430,"padIDs":{"mypad":1}}

calling await db.setSub('author_key', ['email'], '[email protected]') yields:

{"colorId":"#79d9d9","name":"tutti","timestamp":1364832712430,"padIDs":{"mypad":1},"email":"[email protected]"}

::: warning Keys are namespaced (for example pad:<padId>, pad:<padId>:revs:<rev>, globalAuthor:<authorId>). Prefer the high-level managers (Pad.ts, AuthorManager.ts, etc.) over direct DB access where one exists; reach for DB directly only for data your plugin owns, and use a key prefix unique to your plugin to avoid collisions. :::

Adding a toolbar icon

Etherpad's toolbar icons come from the bundled fontawesome-etherpad icon font in src/static/font/. Toolbar buttons reference an icon by a buttonicon-<name> CSS class (see src/node/utils/toolbar.ts, which builds each button's class as buttonicon buttonicon-<name>), and those classes are defined in src/static/css/pad/icons.css. The font itself is generated with Fontello from src/static/font/config.json (whose css_prefix_text is buttonicon-).

To add a new icon:

1. Go to Fontello and import the existing src/static/font/config.json (Fontello's "import" loads the current icon set and pre-selects the icons it contains).
2. Select the additional icon(s) you want, then click Download webfont.
3. From the unzipped download, copy config.json and the font/fontawesome-etherpad.* files over the ones in src/static/font/.
4. From the unzipped css/fontawesome-etherpad.css, copy the new .buttonicon-<name>:before { content: '\\eXXX'; } rules into src/static/css/pad/icons.css, replacing the existing block of icon rules.

The icon is then available wherever a buttonicon-<name> class can be used, including toolbar button definitions.