StringCaseLocaleUsage

String.toLowerCase() (and toUpperCase) without specifying a Locale can have surprising results.

For example, if this is used on a device and the user's Locale is Türkiye, then "I".toLowerCase() will yield a lowercase dotless I ("ı"). This could be extremely dangerous if you were expecting to operate on ASCII text to generate machine-readable identifiers.

If this kind of regionalisation is desired, use .toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault()) to make that explicit. If not, .toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT) or .toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH) will give you casing independent of the user's current Locale. If you know that you're operating on ASCII, prefer Ascii.toLower/UpperCase to make that explicit.