Use Models

Build Models from Yacs Config

From a yacs config object, models (and their sub-models) can be built by functions such as build_model, build_backbone, build_roi_heads:

from detectron2.modeling import build_model
model = build_model(cfg)  # returns a torch.nn.Module

build_model only builds the model structure and fills it with random parameters. See below for how to load an existing checkpoint to the model and how to use the model object.

Load/Save a Checkpoint

from detectron2.checkpoint import DetectionCheckpointer
DetectionCheckpointer(model).load(file_path_or_url)  # load a file, usually from cfg.MODEL.WEIGHTS

checkpointer = DetectionCheckpointer(model, save_dir="output")
checkpointer.save("model_999")  # save to output/model_999.pth

Detectron2's checkpointer recognizes models in pytorch's .pth format, as well as the .pkl files in our model zoo. See API doc for more details about its usage.

The model files can be arbitrarily manipulated using torch.{load,save} for .pth files or pickle.{dump,load} for .pkl files.

Use a Model

A model can be called by outputs = model(inputs), where inputs is a list[dict]. Each dict corresponds to one image and the required keys depend on the type of model, and whether the model is in training or evaluation mode. For example, in order to do inference, all existing models expect the "image" key, and optionally "height" and "width". The detailed format of inputs and outputs of existing models are explained below.

Training: When in training mode, all models are required to be used under an EventStorage. The training statistics will be put into the storage:

from detectron2.utils.events import EventStorage
with EventStorage() as storage:
  losses = model(inputs)

Inference: If you only want to do simple inference using an existing model, DefaultPredictor is a wrapper around model that provides such basic functionality. It includes default behavior including model loading, preprocessing, and operates on single image rather than batches. See its documentation for usage.

You can also run inference directly like this:

model.eval()
with torch.no_grad():
  outputs = model(inputs)

Model Input Format

Users can implement custom models that support any arbitrary input format. Here we describe the standard input format that all builtin models support in detectron2. They all take a list[dict] as the inputs. Each dict corresponds to information about one image.

The dict may contain the following keys:

• "image": Tensor in (C, H, W) format. The meaning of channels are defined by cfg.INPUT.FORMAT. Image normalization, if any, will be performed inside the model using cfg.MODEL.PIXEL_{MEAN,STD}.
• "height", "width": the desired output height and width in inference, which is not necessarily the same as the height or width of the image field. For example, the image field contains the resized image, if resize is used as a preprocessing step. But you may want the outputs to be in original resolution. If provided, the model will produce output in this resolution, rather than in the resolution of the image as input into the model. This is more efficient and accurate.
• "instances": an Instances object for training, with the following fields:
  • "gt_boxes": a Boxes object storing N boxes, one for each instance.
  • "gt_classes": Tensor of long type, a vector of N labels, in range [0, num_categories).
  • "gt_masks": a PolygonMasks or BitMasks object storing N masks, one for each instance.
  • "gt_keypoints": a Keypoints object storing N keypoint sets, one for each instance.
• "sem_seg": Tensor[int] in (H, W) format. The semantic segmentation ground truth for training. Values represent category labels starting from 0.
• "proposals": an Instances object used only in Fast R-CNN style models, with the following fields:
  • "proposal_boxes": a Boxes object storing P proposal boxes.
  • "objectness_logits": Tensor, a vector of P scores, one for each proposal.

For inference of builtin models, only "image" key is required, and "width/height" are optional.

We currently don't define standard input format for panoptic segmentation training, because models now use custom formats produced by custom data loaders.

How it connects to data loader:

The output of the default DatasetMapper is a dict that follows the above format. After the data loader performs batching, it becomes list[dict] which the builtin models support.

Model Output Format

When in training mode, the builtin models output a dict[str->ScalarTensor] with all the losses.

When in inference mode, the builtin models output a list[dict], one dict for each image. Based on the tasks the model is doing, each dict may contain the following fields:

• "instances": Instances object with the following fields:

  • "pred_boxes": Boxes object storing N boxes, one for each detected instance.
  • "scores": Tensor, a vector of N confidence scores.
  • "pred_classes": Tensor, a vector of N labels in range [0, num_categories).
  • "pred_masks": a Tensor of shape (N, H, W), masks for each detected instance.
  • "pred_keypoints": a Tensor of shape (N, num_keypoint, 3). Each row in the last dimension is (x, y, score). Confidence scores are larger than 0.

• "sem_seg": Tensor of (num_categories, H, W), the semantic segmentation prediction.

• "proposals": Instances object with the following fields:

  • "proposal_boxes": Boxes object storing N boxes.
  • "objectness_logits": a torch vector of N confidence scores.

• "panoptic_seg": A tuple of (pred: Tensor, segments_info: Optional[list[dict]]). The pred tensor has shape (H, W), containing the segment id of each pixel.

  • If segments_info exists, each dict describes one segment id in pred and has the following fields:

    • "id": the segment id
    • "isthing": whether the segment is a thing or stuff
    • "category_id": the category id of this segment.

    If a pixel's id does not exist in segments_info, it is considered to be void label defined in Panoptic Segmentation.

  • If segments_info is None, all pixel values in pred must be ≥ -1. Pixels with value -1 are assigned void labels. Otherwise, the category id of each pixel is obtained by category_id = pixel // metadata.label_divisor.

Partially execute a model:

Sometimes you may want to obtain an intermediate tensor inside a model, such as the input of certain layer, the output before post-processing. Since there are typically hundreds of intermediate tensors, there isn't an API that provides you the intermediate result you need. You have the following options:

1. Write a (sub)model. Following the tutorial, you can rewrite a model component (e.g. a head of a model), such that it does the same thing as the existing component, but returns the output you need.

2. Partially execute a model. You can create the model as usual, but use custom code to execute it instead of its forward(). For example, the following code obtains mask features before mask head.

   pythonCopy

   images = ImageList.from_tensors(...)  # preprocessed input tensor
   model = build_model(cfg)
   model.eval()
   features = model.backbone(images.tensor)
   proposals, _ = model.proposal_generator(images, features)
   instances, _ = model.roi_heads(images, features, proposals)
   mask_features = [features[f] for f in model.roi_heads.in_features]
   mask_features = model.roi_heads.mask_pooler(mask_features, [x.pred_boxes for x in instances])
   

3. Use forward hooks. Forward hooks can help you obtain inputs or outputs of a certain module. If they are not exactly what you want, they can at least be used together with partial execution to obtain other tensors.

All options require you to read documentation and sometimes code of the existing models to understand the internal logic, in order to write code to obtain the internal tensors.