AG-UI Middleware

AG-UI middleware is fundamentally an AG-UI protocol concept defined upstream in @ag-ui/client. This page covers how to wire it into a CopilotKit runtime; for the protocol-level reference (lifecycle, runNextWithState, the Middleware base class), see the upstream guide at docs.ag-ui.com/sdk/js/client/middleware.

AG-UI agents expose a middleware layer via agent.use(middleware), a powerful hook for logging, guardrails, request transformation, and event rewriting. Because CopilotKit runs the middleware server-side inside the Copilot Runtime, it executes in a trusted environment where the client cannot tamper with it.

Defining a Middleware

A middleware extends the Middleware base class from @ag-ui/client and implements run(input, next). It receives the incoming RunAgentInput and returns an Observable<BaseEvent>, typically by subscribing to runNextWithState(input, next) and transforming the stream:

import {
  Middleware,
  RunAgentInput,
  AbstractAgent,
  BaseEvent,
} from "@ag-ui/client";
import { Observable } from "rxjs";

export class LoggingMiddleware extends Middleware {
  run(input: RunAgentInput, next: AbstractAgent): Observable<BaseEvent> {
    return new Observable<BaseEvent>((subscriber) => {
      const sub = this.runNextWithState(input, next).subscribe({
        next: ({ event }) => {
          console.log("[agent event]", event.type);
          subscriber.next(event);
        },
        error: (err) => subscriber.error(err),
        complete: () => subscriber.complete(),
      });
      return () => sub.unsubscribe();
    });
  }
}

Attaching Middleware to an Agent

Call .use(...) on the agent before registering it with the runtime:

import { CopilotRuntime } from "@copilotkit/runtime";
import { LangGraphAgent } from "@copilotkit/runtime/langgraph";
import { LoggingMiddleware } from "./my-middleware";

const agent = new LangGraphAgent({
  deploymentUrl: process.env.LANGGRAPH_DEPLOYMENT_URL!,
  graphId: "sample_agent",
});
agent.use(new LoggingMiddleware());

const runtime = new CopilotRuntime({
  agents: { default: agent },
});

Built-in Middleware

The runtime ships first-class middleware options you can enable directly on CopilotRuntime without calling .use() on each agent:

• a2ui — apply A2UIMiddleware to all (or a subset of) registered agents. See Copilot Runtime → A2UI.
• mcpApps — configure MCP servers for all agents from a single place. See Copilot Runtime → mcpApps.

Related

• Copilot Runtime — the server-side layer that executes middleware.
• AG-UI Protocol — the event stream the middleware operates on.