Review of Program Memory

Programs allocate memory in two ways:

Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables.
- Values have fixed sizes known at compile time.
- Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer.
- Easy to manage: follows function calls.
- Great memory locality.
Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls.
- Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime.
- Slightly slower than the stack: some bookkeeping needed.
- No guarantee of memory locality.

Example

Creating a String puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically sized data, the actual string, on the heap:

rust,editable

# // Copyright 2023 Google LLC
# // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
#
fn main() {
    let s1 = String::from("Hello");
}

bob

 Stack
.- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.      Heap
:                           :     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.
:    s1                     :     :                               :
:   +-----------+-------+   :     :                               :
:   | capacity  |     5 |   :     :   +----+----+----+----+----+  :
:   | ptr       |     o-+---+-----+-->| H  | e  | l  | l  | o  |  :
:   | len       |     5 |   :     :   +----+----+----+----+----+  :
:   +-----------+-------+   :     :                               :
:                           :     :                               :
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'     `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'

Mention that a String is backed by a Vec, so it has a capacity and length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap.
If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap allocated using the System Allocator and custom allocators can be implemented using the Allocator API

More to Explore

We can inspect the memory layout with unsafe Rust. However, you should point out that this is rightfully unsafe!

rust,editable

# // Copyright 2023 Google LLC
# // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
#
fn main() {
    let mut s1 = String::from("Hello");
    s1.push(' ');
    s1.push_str("world");
    // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.
    // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead to
    // undefined behavior.
    unsafe {
        let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::transmute(s1);
        println!("capacity = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}");
    }
}

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