BTrace Tutorial (BTrace 2.3.0)

1. Hello World

Accustoms the learner to 'btrace' command and the way it is used. Demonstrates the BTrace ability to instrument a class.

Setup

HelloWorld Class

package extra;

public abstract class HelloWorld extends HelloWorldBase {
    protected int field = 0;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("ready when you are ...");
        System.in.read();

        callA();
    }

    private static void callA() {
        HelloWorld instance = new HelloWorldExt();
        long x = System.nanoTime();
        instance.callA("hello", 13);
        System.out.println("dur = " + (System.nanoTime() - x));
    }

    private void callA(String a, int b) {
        field++;
        callB(callC(a, b));
        field--;
    }

    private void callB(String s) {
        field++;
        System.out.println("You want " + s);
        field--;
    }

    protected abstract String callC(String a, int b);
}

final class HelloWorldExt extends HelloWorld {
    @Override
    protected String callC(String a, int b) {
        try {
            field++;
            String s = a + "-" + b;
            for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
                s = callD(s);
            }
            return s;
        } finally {
            field--;
        }
    }
}

abstract class HelloWorldBase {
    protected final String callD(String s) {
        return "# " + s;
    }
}

Steps

1. Run the HelloWorld application
2. Get the HelloWorld application PID via jps command
3. Run btrace <PID> <HelloWorldTrace.java>
4. Proceed with the HelloWorld application
5. Watch messages being printed

You will repeat these steps while gradually enhancing the used BTrace script

Lessons

Lesson 1 - Launching BTrace

Using btrace client to attach to a running JVM

btrace [opts] <pid> <btrace-script> [<args>]

• opts BTrace specific options; use btrace -h to obtain the list of all supported options
• pid process id of the traced Java program
• btrace-script trace program. If it is a ".java", then it is compiled before submission. Or else, it is assumed to be pre-compiled [i.e., it has to be a .class] and submitted.
• args trace specific arguments

Once you are attached to the target JVM you can press Ctrl-C in the terminal to show the BTrace console. From there you can either detach and exit or send an event (handled by the @OnEvent annotated methods in the trace program).

Starting a Java application with BTrace agent

Directly

java -javaagent:btrace-agent.jar=[<agent-arg>[,<agent-arg>]*]? <launch-args>

The agent takes a list of comma separated arguments.

• noServer - don't start the socket server
• bootClassPath - boot classpath to be used
• systemClassPath - system classpath to be used
• debug - turns on verbose debug messages (true/false)
• trusted - do not check for btrace restrictions violations (true/false)
• dumpClasses - dump the transformed bytecode to files (true/false)
• dumpDir - specifies the folder where the transformed classes will be dumped to
• stdout - redirect the btrace output to stdout instead of writing it to an arbitrary file (true/false)
• probeDescPath - the path to search for probe descriptor XMLs
• startupRetransform - enable retransform of all the loaded classes at attach (true/false)
• scriptdir - the path to a directory containing scripts to be run at the agent startup
• scriptOutputFile - the path to a file the btrace agent will store its output
• grant - comma-separated list of permissions to grant (e.g. grant=NETWORK,THREADS)
• deny - comma-separated list of permissions to deny (e.g. deny=EXEC,NATIVE)
• grantAll - grant all permissions (true/false) - use with caution
• script - colon separated list of tracing scripts to be run at the agent startup

The scripts to be run must have already been compiled to bytecode (a .class file) by btracec.

Using `btracer'

btracer [opts] <pre-compiled-btrace.class> <vm-arg> <application-args>

• opts BTrace specific options; use btracer -h to obtain the list of all supported options
• pre-compiled-btrace.class the trace script compiled to bytecode via btracec
• vm-args the VM arguments; eg. -cp app.jar Main.class or -jar app.jar
• application-args the application specific arguments

You can use btracer to launch java application from jar (btracer ... -jar app.jar <application args>) or a main class (btracer ... -cp <class_path> <main class> <application args>)

Compiling trace scripts

This needs to be done in order to launch the Java application with BTrace agent.

btracec [-cp <classpath>] [-d <directory>] <one-or-more-BTrace-.java-files>

• classpath is the classpath used for compiling BTrace program(s). Default is "."
• directory is the output directory where compiled .class files are stored. Default is ".".

Rather than regular javac the BTrace compiler is used - causing the script to be validated at compile time and prevent reporting verify errors at runtime.

Inspecting the compiled trace scripts

BTrace compiler will, by default, create a binary trace representation which packages the trace class file together with some metadata designed to make the trace loading and application faster. These packages are not directly readable by tools like javap and one must use btracep instead. The syntax is straightforward - ./btracep <binary trace file>. The tool will print out

• trace name
• verification status (trusted or not)
• transformation status (will cause class retransformation or not)
• all probe handlers (all @OnProbe, @OnTimer etc. definitions)
• ASM-ified version of the associated "data holder" class - the class contains the information that needs to be globally accessible from instrumented code

Lesson 2 - Tracing methods

This is the main purpose of BTrace - inject a custom code to custom locations to give the insights about the internal state and dynamics of the application.

1. Getting just the information that any method is being executed

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/.*/")
    public static void onMethod() {
        println("Hello from method");
    }
}

2. Get the method names

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace 
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

3. Intercept only a particular method

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="callA")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

4. Intercept only a particular method with name matching the handler name

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="#")
    public static void callA(@ProbeMethodName String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

5. Intercept methods with names matching certain patterns Note: you can use pattern matching for the class names, too

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

6. Intercept methods with names matching certain patterns and inspect their parameters

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName String pmn, AnyType[] args) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("Received the following parameters:");
        printArray(args);
    }
}

7. Intercept method with names matching certain patterns and discover their signatures

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

8. Intercept methods for all subclasses and implementations of a certain class/interface

Note: 'extra.HelloWorldBase.callD()' doesn't show up - it is defined in the superclass of 'extra.HelloWorld' and therefore not intercepted.

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="+extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

9. Intercept method with a particular name and signature + capture the method arguments (you need to use the information learned in the previous step)

Note: The order of the un-annotated parameters must correspond to the order of the traced method parameters. Annotated parameters may be placed anywhere.

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorldExt", method="callC")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName String pmn, String param1, int param2) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("Arguments: param1 = " + str(param1) + ", param2 = " + str(param2));
    }
}

10. Intercept method with a particular name and signature but don't capture the method arguments. Here you will need to decifer the VM method signature to get java like method signature. See the @OnMethod.type() javadoc for the java like signature format.

Eg. having the VM method signature in form of (Ljava/lang/String;I)V will translate to "void (java.lang.String, int)"

Note: We are using overloaded method here and specifying the signature helps BTrace determine which method should be instrumented

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="callA", type="void (java.lang.String, int)")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
    }
}

11. Intercept method with a particular name and capture its return value location=@Location(Kind.RETURN) sets up the instrumentation to be inserted just before the method exits

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="callC", location=@Location(Kind.RETURN))
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @Return String ret) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn + "; returning " + ret);
    }
}

12. Inspect the content of an instance variable in the method declaring class

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/", location=@Location(Kind.RETURN))
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @Self Object thiz) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("field = " + str(getInt("field", thiz)));
    }
}

Or retrieve the java.lang.Field instance first and perform a check before trying to retrieve the field value.

package helloworld;
import java.lang.Class;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/", location=@Location(Kind.RETURN))
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @Self Object thiz) {
        Class myClz = classOf(thiz);
        Field fld = field(myClz, "field", false);
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        if (fld != null) {
           println("field = " + str(getInt(fld, thiz)));
        }
    }
}

13. Get the method execution duration

Note: Need to use @Location(Kind.RETURN) to be able to capture the execution duration

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="/call.*/", location=@Location(Kind.RETURN))
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @Duration long dur) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("It took " + str(dur) + "ns to execute this method");
    }
}

14. Tracing methods invoked from inside a particular method

Note: 'class', 'method' etc. directly in the @OnMethod annotation will determine where we should look for the invocation of the methods defined by 'class', 'method' etc. parameters in the @Location annotation.

Note: @ProbeMethodName and @ProbeClassName refer to the context method and class; @TargetMethodOrField refers to the traced method invocation

Note: You can use the 'type' annotation parameter in @OnMethod annotation to restrict the context methods and in @Location to restrict the traced method invocations

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="callA",
              location=@Location(
                    value = Kind.CALL,
                    clazz = "extra.HelloWorld",
                    method = "/call.*/",
                    where = Where.BEFORE)
    )
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @TargetMethodOrField(fqn = true) String tpmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("Going to invoke method " + tpmn);
    }
}

15. Measuring the duration of methods invoked from inside a particular method

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="callA",
              location=@Location(
                    value = Kind.CALL,
                    clazz = "extra.HelloWorld",
                    method = "/call.*/",
                    where = Where.AFTER)
    )
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @TargetMethodOrField(fqn = true) String tpmn, @Duration long dur) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("Executing " + tpmn + " took " + dur + "ns");
    }
}

16. Tracing methods invoked from inside a particular method and capturing their parameters

Note: The captured parameters pertain to the invoked method rather than the context method

Note: The @Self annotated parameter captures the context instance and @TargetInstance annotated parameter captures the instance the method is invoked on

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnMethod(clazz="extra.HelloWorld", method="callA",
              location=@Location(
                    value = Kind.CALL,
                    clazz = "extra.HelloWorld",
                    method = "/call.*/",
                    where = Where.BEFORE)
    )
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn, @TargetMethodOrField(fqn = true) String tpmn,
                                @Self Object thiz, @TargetInstance Object tgt, String a, int b) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn);
        println("Going to invoke method " + tpmn);
        println("context = " + str(classOf(thiz)) + ", target = " + str(classOf(tgt)));
        println("a = " + a + ", b = " + str(b));
    }
}

Lesson 3 - Global callbacks

Global callbacks are not directly related to the tracing code injection but they allow us to observe the global state and act correspondingly.

@OnExit

Called when the traced application is about to exit. Allows to capture the exit code.

Note: The signature of the handler method MUST be 'void (int)'

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnExit
    public static void onexit(int code) {
        println("Application exitting with " + code);
    }
}

@OnError

Called whenever an exception is thrown from anywhere in the BTrace handlers.

Note: The signature of the handler method MUST be 'void (java.lang.Throwable)'

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnError
    public static void onerror(Throwable t) {
        println("Encountered internal error " + str(t));
    }
}

@OnTimer

Allows to register a handler to be invoked periodically at defined intervals.

Note: The annotation parameter takes the interval value in milliseconds

Note: The signature of the handler method MUST be 'void ()'

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnTimer(1000)
    public static void ontimer() {
        println("tick ...");
    }
}

@OnEvent

Used to raise events from external clients (eg. the command line client). The annotation takes a String parameter which is the event name. When not provided the event is considered to be 'unnamed'.

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnEvent
    public static void unnamed() {
        println("Received unnamed event");
    }
}

or

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    @OnEvent("myEvent")
    public static void myevent() {
        println("Received my event");
    }
}

Lesson 4 - Sampling

Tracing many methods being executed frequently can bring a significant overhead to the traced application. And often we are not really interested in the high detail data - an aggregated view would do just fine.

Therefore it is possible to employ statistical sampling to reduce the amount of collected data and related overhead while still providing relevant information about the application behaviour.

The sampling implementation in BTrace guarantees that at least one invocation of a traced method will be recorded, no matter what the sampling settings are.

1. Intercept only each 10th invocation on average

Note: Even though the 'callD' method is executed 100 times we will get only ~10 hits - as dictated by the 'mean' parameter.

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    private static int cntr = 1;
    @Sampled(kind = Sampled.Sampler.Const, mean = 10)
    @OnMethod(clazz="/extra\\.HelloWorld.*/", method="callD")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn + " : " + (cntr++));
    }
}

2. Let the sampler mean parameter be adjusted dynamically by keeping to the overhead target

Note: In this case the 'mean' parameter actually specifies the lowest number of nanoseconds the average interval between interceptions should be

Note: Because the adaptive sampling needs to collect timestamps in order to maintain the overhead target the lowest value for the 'mean' parameter is 180 (cca. 60ns for getting start/stop timestamp pair multiplied by the safety margin of 3)

Note: The 'callD' method is very short and the number of iteration is rather limited - we will most probably get only one hit here

package helloworld;
import ...;

@BTrace
public class HelloWorldTrace {
    private static int cntr = 1;
    @Sampled(kind = Sampled.Sampler.Adaptive, mean = 50)
    @OnMethod(clazz="/extra\\.HelloWorld.*/", method="callD")
    public static void onMethod(@ProbeMethodName(fqn = true) String pmn) {
        println("Hello from method " + pmn + " : " + (cntr++));
    }
}

Lesson 5 - JFR events

Since BTrace 2.1.0 it is possible to define and use JFR dynamic events directly from the BTrace scripts. This gives immediate access to the high-performance event recording engine built directly in JVM. Being able to observe the script defined events in the bigger context of full application/JVM is an additional benefit when comparing to the 'standard' BTrace way of writing the information to stdout or a dedicated text file.

Define and use a regular JFR event

A new dynamic event type in BTrace is defined via a JfrEvent.Factory instance configured by @Event aannotation. The annotation defines the event metadata and event fields.

Event Metadata

• name - global event name
• label - a pretty printed event name
• description - long description
• category - arbitrary category in 'directory' format (eg. 'Application/SQL/Updates')
• stacktrace - whether the event should collect stacktrace or not

Field definition

The fields argument of the @Event annotation defines the array of event fields where each field is defined with the help of @Event.Field annotation. The fields can only be of a supported type (Java primitives + String, Class and Thread) and don't support arrays/lists.

Using the event

BTraceUtils has been enhanced with the following methods to support working with JFR events:

• prepareEvent(eventFactory) - prepares a new event using the given factory
• begin(event) - calls begin() event method to start measuring the event time span
• end(event) - calls end() event method to stop measuring the event time span
• setEventField(event, field, value) - sets a field value
• commit(event) - tries and commits the event

Example

@BTrace public class JfrEventsProbe {
    @Event(
        name = "CustomEvent",
        label = "Custom Event",
        fields = {
            @Event.Field(type = Event.FieldType.INT, name = "a"),
            @Event.Field(type = Event.FieldType.STRING, name = "b")
        }
    )
    private static JfrEvent.Factory customEventFactory;

    @OnMethod(clazz = "/.*/", method = "/.*/")
    public static void onMethod() {
        JfrEvent event = prepareEvent(customEventFactory);
        setEventField(event, "a", 10);
        setEventField(event, "b", "hello");
        commit(event);
    }
}

Define and use a periodic JFR event

A periodic JFR event is automatically generated by JFR at a given time interval or at beginning/end of a JFR chunk.

Periodic event handler

A periodic event is defined by an event handler - it is a method by @PeriodEvent annotation, pretty much like @OnMethod or @OnTimer handlers. Similarly to the regular events the annotation defines the event metadata and the event fields. In addition to that the annotation defines the period which can be a time unit like 10 s or 100 ms or it can be one of everyChunk, beginChunk or endChunk.

The handler method takes one parameter of JfrEvent type. The value of this parameter can be used in the BTraceUtils JFR specific methods.

Example

@BTrace public class JfrEventsProbe {
    @PeriodicEvent(name = "PeriodicEvent", fields = @Event.Field(type = Event.FieldType.INT, name = "ts", kind = @Event.Field.Kind(name = Event.FieldKind.TIMESTAMP)), period = "1 s")
    public static void onPeriod(JfrEvent event) {
        if (shouldCommit(event)) {
            setEventField(event, "ts", 1);
            commit(event);
        }
    }
}

Lesson 6 - Extensions and Permissions

BTrace supports extensions that provide additional functionality beyond the core tracing capabilities. Extensions can send metrics to external systems, integrate with DTrace, and more. To ensure safety, extensions require explicit permissions.

Permission System

BTrace uses a permission-based security model organized into three tiers:

Default Permissions (always granted)

These permissions are safe and always available:

• MESSAGING - Send messages to BTrace client
• AGGREGATION - Use aggregation functions
• JFR_EVENTS - Create and use JFR events
• PROFILING - Use profiling functions

Standard Permissions (granted unless explicitly denied)

These permissions allow read-only access to system information:

• FILE_READ - Read files from disk (limited paths)
• SYSTEM_PROPS - Read system properties
• THREAD_INFO - Read thread information
• MEMORY_INFO - Read memory and GC information

Privileged Permissions (require explicit grant)

These permissions have security implications and must be explicitly granted:

• FILE_WRITE - Write files to disk
• NETWORK - Network I/O (sockets, HTTP)
• THREADS - Create and manage threads
• NATIVE - Call native code (JNI, Unsafe)
• EXEC - Execute external processes
• REFLECTION - Use reflection
• CLASSLOADER - Access classloaders
• UNLIMITED_MEMORY - Unlimited buffer allocation

Permission Model

Permissions are defined by extension/service descriptors and enforced via agent grants. The Gradle plugin writes the effective permission set into the extension’s manifest.

Do Not Instantiate Types in Probes

• Probes do not construct arbitrary objects (new is not allowed). Instead, obtain builders or factories from injected services and pass built configuration handles back to the service.
• This keeps hot paths allocation-free and within verifier constraints (only BTraceUtils, injected services, or objects returned from services can be used).

Example:

@BTrace
class Example {
  @Injected static MetricsService metrics;
  static final HistogramConfig cfg;
  static {
    cfg = metrics.newHistogramConfig().unit("ns").build();
  }
  @OnMethod(clazz="com.example.Foo", method="bar", location=@Location(Kind.RETURN))
  static void onReturn(@Duration long d) {
    metrics.histogram("foo.bar.latency", cfg).record(d);
  }
}

Granting Permissions at Runtime

When running a probe that requires privileged permissions, you must explicitly grant them:

Using the btrace client

btrace --grant=NETWORK,THREADS <pid> MetricsProbe.class

Using the Java agent

java -javaagent:btrace-agent.jar=script=MetricsProbe.class,grant=NETWORK,THREADS ...

Grant all permissions (use with caution)

btrace --grantAll=true <pid> MetricsProbe.class

or

java -javaagent:btrace-agent.jar=script=MetricsProbe.class,grantAll=true ...

Per-Extension Allow/Deny (Simplified Policy)

• Allow specific extensions to link implementations via agent args:
  • -javaagent:btrace-agent.jar=...,allowExtensions=btrace-statsd,my-metrics
• Deny specific extensions (implementation blocked; SHIM fallback):
  • -javaagent:btrace-agent.jar=...,denyExtensions=legacy-foo
• Allow all privileged extensions:
  • -javaagent:btrace-agent.jar=...,allowPrivileged=true
• Optional process-local policy file:
  • -Dbtrace.permissions=/path/to/permissions.properties or ~/.btrace/permissions.properties
  • Example content:
    • allowExtensions=btrace-statsd
    • denyExtensions=legacy-foo
    • allowPrivileged=false
• Extensions continue to expose required permissions in logs to help operators decide whether to allow them.

Permission Error Messages

If a probe requires permissions that are not granted, BTrace will display a descriptive error message:

Probe requires permissions that are not granted:

  - NETWORK
    Network I/O (sockets, HTTP). Risk: Data exfiltration, remote connections.
  - THREADS
    Create and manage threads. Risk: Resource exhaustion, concurrent operations.

To allow these permissions, use:
  --grant=NETWORK,THREADS

Or use --grantAll=true to allow all permissions (not recommended).

Inspecting Probe Permissions

Use the btracep tool to inspect what permissions a compiled probe requires:

btracep MetricsProbe.class

The output will include a "Required permissions" line listing all permissions the probe needs.

Using the StatsdExtension

The StatsdExtension allows sending metrics to a StatsD server:

@BTrace
public class StatsdExample {
    @Injected
    private static StatsdExtension statsd;

    @OnMethod(clazz = "com.example.API", method = "handleRequest",
              location = @Location(Kind.RETURN))
    public static void onRequest(@Duration long duration) {
        statsd.increment("api.requests");
        statsd.timing("api.latency", duration / 1_000_000);
    }
}

Run with:

btrace --grant=NETWORK,THREADS -statsd localhost:8125 <pid> StatsdExample.class

Using the Histogram Metrics Extension (btrace-metrics)

The histogram metrics extension provides high-performance in-process metrics using HdrHistogram. It does not require network permissions and runs entirely inside the target JVM.

Requirements:

• Build the distribution so extensions are exploded under BTRACE_HOME/extensions/.
• The agent discovers built-in extensions automatically; no additional flags are needed.

Example:

package myprobes;

import static org.openjdk.btrace.core.BTraceUtils.*;

import org.openjdk.btrace.core.annotations.*;
import org.openjdk.btrace.metrics.MetricsService;
import org.openjdk.btrace.metrics.histogram.HistogramConfig;
import org.openjdk.btrace.metrics.histogram.HistogramMetric;
import org.openjdk.btrace.metrics.histogram.HistogramSnapshot;
import org.openjdk.btrace.metrics.stats.StatsMetric;
import org.openjdk.btrace.metrics.stats.StatsSnapshot;

@BTrace
public class HistogramExample {
    // ServiceType hint is optional; omit for defaults
    @Injected
    private static MetricsService metrics;

    private static HistogramMetric histogram;
    private static StatsMetric stats;

    @OnMethod(clazz = "com.example.Service", method = "doWork")
    public static void onEntry() {
        if (histogram == null) {
            histogram = metrics.histogramMicros("service.doWork");
            stats = metrics.stats("service.doWork.stats");
        }
    }

    @OnMethod(clazz = "com.example.Service", method = "doWork", location = @Location(Kind.RETURN))
    public static void onReturn(@Duration long durationNanos) {
        long durationMicros = durationNanos / 1000;
        histogram.record(durationMicros);
        stats.record(durationMicros);
    }

    @OnTimer(1000)
    public static void onTimer() {
        HistogramSnapshot h = histogram.snapshot();
        StatsSnapshot s = stats.snapshot();

        println("=== Metrics Report ===");
        println("Count: " + s.count());
        println("Mean: " + s.mean() + " μs");
        println("Min: " + s.min() + " μs");
        println("Max: " + s.max() + " μs");
        println("P50: " + h.p50() + " μs");
        println("P95: " + h.p95() + " μs");
        println("P99: " + h.p99() + " μs");
        println("======================");
    }
}

Run with:

btrace <pid> HistogramExample.java

You should see a periodic metrics report similar to:

=== Metrics Report ===
Count: 4
Mean: 4178.5 μs
Min: 118 μs
Max: 16341 μs
P50: 120 μs
P95: 16343 μs
P99: 16343 μs
======================

Configuration (optional):

• You can tune defaults in btrace.conf (see Architecture: Extension Configuration):
  • btrace-metrics.histogram.default-precision=3
  • btrace-metrics.histogram.max-value=3600000000

Troubleshooting Failed Extensions

If extensions fail to load during agent initialization (for example, due to missing dependencies or configuration issues), BTrace will display a warning when you submit a probe:

[BTRACE WARN] 1 extension(s) failed to load:
  - StatsdExtension: Missing manifest metadata (ensure Gradle plugin is applied and configured)
Use 'btrace -le <PID>' for details.

Listing Failed Extensions

Use the -le option to see detailed information about failed extensions:

btrace -le <pid>

This will display all extensions that failed to load and the reasons for their failures:

Failed Extensions:
  1. org.openjdk.btrace.statsd.StatsdExtension: Connection refused to localhost:8125
  2. org.openjdk.btrace.dtrace.DTraceExtension: DTrace not available on this platform

Interactive Menu

When attached to a JVM in interactive mode (press Ctrl-C), you can also select option 7 to list failed extensions:

Please enter your option:
        1. exit
        2. send an event
        3. send a named event
        4. flush console output
        5. list probes
        6. detach client
        7. list failed extensions

This is useful for diagnosing issues when probes that rely on specific extensions are not working as expected.