OThreadCoAP APIs - Arduino Esp32

################ OThreadCoAP APIs ################

About

The OThreadCoAP classes wrap the OpenThread Application CoAP C API (otCoap* / otCoapSecure*) in an Arduino-style surface similar to HTTPClient and WebServer. Sketches use typed methods instead of CLI strings such as coap get / coap put.

Multicast group commands (joinMulticastGroup, NON send, RFC 7252 §8.1/§8.2): :doc:Multicast guide <Multicasting>.

Key Features:

Plain CoAP client (OThreadCoAPClient) — blocking GET/PUT/POST/DELETE to IPv6 unicast or multicast on port 5683.
Plain CoAP server (OThreadCoAPServer) — on(path, methodMask, handler) resource registration with callback dispatch (no loop() polling by default).
CoAPS client / server (OThreadCoAPSecureClient / OThreadCoAPSecureServer) — DTLS on port 5684 when OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_COAP_SECURE_API_ENABLE is set.
REST helper (OThreadCoAPResourceStore) — in-memory CRUD collections under a base path (for example notes, notes/1).
Confirmable vs non-confirmable — setConfirmable(true/false) on clients maps to CLI con / non-con; server responses mirror incoming CON/NON. Full guide: :ref:coap_con_non; multicast vs CON: :ref:coap_multicast_con.

Build requirements:

Plain CoAP: enabled by default on ESP32 OpenThread builds (OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_COAP_API_ENABLE=1).
CoAPS: requires OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_COAP_SECURE_API_ENABLE=1 and mbedtls PSK or ECDHE cipher suite flags.

Reserved ports:

5683 — application CoAP (OT_COAP_DEFAULT_PORT).
5684 — CoAPS (OT_COAP_SECURE_DEFAULT_PORT).
61631 — Thread TMF CoAP (internal; do not bind application servers here).

Include header:

.. code-block:: arduino

#include <OThread.h>
#include <OThreadCoAP.h>

OThreadCoAP (static helpers)

.. code-block:: arduino

class OThreadCoAP {
public:
    static bool isAttached();
    static bool secureApiEnabled();
    static const char *responseCodeToString(int code);
    static const char *errorToString(int error);
    static OThreadCoAPServerClass& plainServer();
    static OThreadCoAPSecureServerClass& secureServer();
};

isAttached() — true when the device role is Child or higher.
secureApiEnabled() — true when CoAPS was compiled in (OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_COAP_SECURE_API_ENABLE=1 at build time). Use at runtime before using OThreadCoAPSecureClient / OThreadCoAPSecureServer so sketches can fall back gracefully when the secure API is disabled.
plainServer() / secureServer() — return the same singleton instances as the globals OThreadCoAPServer and OThreadCoAPSecureServer (see below).
responseCodeToString() — human-readable CoAP response (for example "2.05 Content" for OT_COAP_RESP_OK).
errorToString() — maps negative OT_COAP_ERROR_* values (for example "not attached" vs "invalid state").

Stopping the stack

By default, setTimeout() on OThreadCoAPClient also tunes confirmable (CON) retransmission so OpenThread gives up within about the same limit. A returned OT_COAP_ERROR_TIMEOUT then means no response within that window.

If you call useDefaultCoapRetransmit(), wire retries revert to RFC 7252 defaults (~93 s exchange) while the sketch still caps at setTimeout(). In that mode a blocking call can return OT_COAP_ERROR_TIMEOUT while OpenThread still has the request in flight. The wrapper keeps the internal response context alive until the stack finishes, so a normal timeout never leaks.

CoAPS (OThreadCoAPSecureClient) cannot tune per-request wire retries; setTimeout() is the sketch wait cap only and background retransmits may continue after timeout.

OThread.stop() only disables the network; the worker task keeps running, so in-flight handlers still fire and free their contexts. Nothing to clean up.
OThread.end() tears the worker task down, so those handlers can no longer fire. end() reclaims any orphaned contexts automatically as part of teardown.

.. _coap_con_non:

Confirmable vs non-confirmable (CON / NON)

CoAP (RFC 7252) labels every message confirmable (CON) or non-confirmable (NON). The choice affects reliability, blocking behavior, and whether the stack retransmits when no answer arrives.

What CON and NON mean

.. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 10 22 68

- Type
- CLI keyword
- Behavior
- CON
- con
- The sender expects an ACK at the CoAP message layer. If no ACK or response arrives within the retransmission window, OpenThread retries the request (plain CoAP only). Blocking GET / PUT / POST / DELETE wait until a response or OT_COAP_ERROR_TIMEOUT.
- NON
- non-con (omit con in CLI defaults to NON for some commands)
- Fire-and-forget at the message layer: no ACK for the request itself. Lower overhead; suitable for periodic telemetry where a missed sample is acceptable. The server may still send a response (also CON or NON).

Default: OThreadCoAPClient and OThreadCoAPSecureClient default to CON (setConfirmable(true)).

Client API

.. code-block:: arduino

OThreadCoAPClient client;
client.setConfirmable(true);   // CON — reliable unicast (default)
int code = client.GET(serverIp, "hello");

client.setConfirmable(false);  // NON — polling, telemetry
code = client.GET(serverIp, "sensor/temp");

// Multicast / fire-and-forget (always NON internally):
client.sendNonBlocking(group, OT_COAP_REQ_PUT, "Lamp", (const uint8_t *)"1", 1);

setConfirmable(bool) applies to the next blocking GET / PUT / POST / DELETE calls on that client instance until changed again.
sendNonBlocking(...) always sends NON and never blocks, regardless of setConfirmable(). Use it for multicast commands and unicast telemetry where no reply is needed.
Multicast destinations (IPv6 first byte 0xFF): blocking methods force NON even when setConfirmable(true) — RFC 7252 §8.1 forbids confirmable multicast. The client may still wait for the first response if you use a blocking method, but that does not scale when several servers share the group; prefer sendNonBlocking() and unicast when you need one confirmed answer. See :doc:Multicast guide <Multicasting>.

Timeouts and CON retransmission (plain client)

For confirmable plain CoAP requests only:

setTimeout(ms) caps how long the sketch blocks and, by default, tunes wire retransmission so OpenThread gives up within about the same window. OT_COAP_ERROR_TIMEOUT means no response within that limit.
Values below OT_COAP_MIN_ALIGNED_TIMEOUT_MS (default 1500 ms) are raised automatically.
useDefaultCoapRetransmit() (call before setTimeout()) keeps RFC 7252 fixed wire retries (~93 s) while the sketch still blocks only for setTimeout(ms). A timeout return does not mean the request was canceled on the wire.

NON requests do not use CON retransmission tuning — they are sent once (plain CoAP).

CoAPS (OThreadCoAPSecureClient): setConfirmable() still selects CON vs NON for each request, but per-request wire retries are not tunable; setTimeout() is only the sketch wait cap and background retransmits may continue after timeout.

.. _coap_multicast_con:

Multicast and CON

Multicast CoAP and confirmable (CON) messages do not combine. The library enforces RFC 7252 at send time:

.. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 32 68

- Situation
- What the library does
- setConfirmable(true) + destination 0xFF…
- Request is sent as NON anyway (§8.1). The confirmable flag is ignored for multicast destinations.
- CON retransmission / setTimeout() tuning
- Does not apply to multicast sends — they are always NON and are not CON-retried on the wire.
- Blocking GET / PUT / POST / DELETE to a multicast group
- Still transmitted as NON, but the call may block until the first response or timeout. That is a poor fit when several servers share the group (ambiguous / duplicate answers). Prefer sendNonBlocking().
- sendNonBlocking() to multicast
- Always NON, never blocks, no response waited — the intended API for group commands (CoAP_Light_Switch switch).
- Server receives multicast request
- Payload is always from a NON request in practice. Call joinMulticastGroup() (or subscribeMulticast()) so the node receives group traffic. Check req.isMulticast() and usually skip resp.send() (§8.2). req.isConfirmable() is false for these requests.
- Need a confirmed command to one lamp
- Send unicast CON to that device's IPv6 address, not to the group.

The CLI coap_switch example sends CON to a multicast group for demonstration; the Native CoAP_Light_Switch switch uses sendNonBlocking() (NON) instead. See :doc:Multicast guide <Multicasting> for group join/leave and example paths.

Server behavior

Handlers receive OThreadCoAPRequest and reply with OThreadCoAPResponse:

req.isConfirmable() — true if the incoming request was CON.
req.isMulticast() — true for group-addressed requests; usually do not call resp.send() (RFC 7252 §8.2 — avoids a response storm).
Response type mirrors the request: CON requests get an ACK response; NON requests get a NON response (handled inside the library when you call resp.send()).

Every registered path accepts both CON and NON; choose the client mode with setConfirmable(). serve()-backed resources answer unicast requests only (multicast serve() traffic is ignored).

When to use which

.. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 28 72

- Pattern
- Recommended setting
- One-shot command to a known server (CRUD, actuators, config)
- CON — setConfirmable(true) + blocking PUT / POST; check return code or payload.
- Periodic telemetry poll (temperature, status)
- NON — setConfirmable(false); missed poll is acceptable.
- Multicast command to many lamps / actuators
- sendNonBlocking() (NON); server joinMulticastGroup() and skip reply on req.isMulticast().
- CoAPS secured commands
- CON in examples (CoAP_Secure, CoAP_Greenhouse actuators) for delivery assurance within setTimeout().

Examples in this library

.. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 32 18 50

- Example
- CON / NON
- Notes
- CoAP_SimpleGet_ (client)
- CON
- setConfirmable(true) + blocking GET hello
- CoAP_Sensor_ (client)
- NON
- setConfirmable(false) periodic GET sensor/temp
- CoAP_CRUD_ (client)
- CON
- Confirmable POST/PUT/DELETE to notes collection
- CoAP_Light_Switch_ (switch)
- NON
- sendNonBlocking() multicast PUT; no response expected
- CoAP_Greenhouse_ (client)
- NON + CON
- NON GET telemetry on plain CoAP; CON PUT actuators on CoAPS
- CLI coap_switch
- CON
- CLI con keyword on multicast PUT (demo only; Native switch uses NON)

OThreadCoAPClient

Blocking HTTPClient-style client over plain CoAP (UDP 5683).

.. code-block:: arduino

OThreadCoAPClient client;
client.setTimeout(5000);
client.setConfirmable(true);   // CON — CLI "con"
int code = client.GET(serverIp, "hello");
if (code >= 0) {
    Serial.println(client.getString());
}

Common methods:

setConfirmable(bool) — CON (default) or NON for the next request(s).
setContentFormat(format) — IANA Content-Format for the next request payload. Default OT_COAP_FORMAT_TEXT (0); omitted when the request has no body. See Content-Format codes_ below for the full ESP-IDF list.
setPort(uint16_t) — destination port (default 5683).
setTimeout(ms) — maximum time to wait for a response, in milliseconds (5000 = 5 s — same unit as HTTPClient::setTimeout() and OpenThread's ACK timeout). For confirmable plain CoAP requests, CON retransmission is tuned to match, so OT_COAP_ERROR_TIMEOUT means no answer within this limit. Values below OT_COAP_MIN_ALIGNED_TIMEOUT_MS (default 1500 ms = OT_COAP_MIN_ACK_TIMEOUT_MS × 1.5) are raised automatically. Call useDefaultCoapRetransmit() before setTimeout() if you need a shorter sketch wait with RFC wire retries. CoAPS: sketch cap only (see below).
useDefaultCoapRetransmit() — optional: use RFC 7252 fixed wire retries (~93 s) instead of aligning with setTimeout(). The sketch still blocks only for setTimeout(ms); OT may keep retrying in the background after timeout. No minimum setTimeout() is enforced in this mode.
GET/PUT/POST/DELETE — return response code (≥ 0) or negative error.
sendNonBlocking(host, method, path, payload) — fire-and-forget NON request; returns true once queued, never blocks.
getString(), readPayload(), responseCode(), remoteIP().

.. note::

Lazy UDP service. The first plain client request starts the shared CoAP UDP socket (port 5683 by default) if the server has not already. It stays active until OThread.end() (or until the last server/client holder releases it). There is no separate client close() — tear down the stack or stop OThreadCoAPServer when you are done.

.. note::

Multicast is always NON. RFC 7252 §8.1 forbids confirmable multicast, so when the destination is an IPv6 multicast address (first byte 0xFF) requests are sent NON regardless of setConfirmable(). §8.2 also discourages replying to a group request, so for group commands use sendNonBlocking() (fire-and-forget) and let the server skip its reply. The blocking GET/PUT/POST/DELETE to a group still works if a server chooses to answer (they return the first reply), but that does not scale past one responder — address a single server by its unicast address when you need a confirmed response. The receiving server must join the group with joinMulticastGroup().

OThreadCoAPServer (global singleton)

WebServer-style resource server. Handlers run when a matching request arrives (on the OpenThread task); call resp.send() before returning. No loop() polling is required.

Like OThread or Wi-Fi: OpenThread binds one plain CoAP UDP service per device (default port 5683). The library exposes a single global OThreadCoAPServer — do not construct OThreadCoAPServerClass or declare a local server variable. Register many URI paths on that global with on(), serve(), and OThreadCoAPResourceStore. Multiple OThreadCoAPClient instances are fine. OThreadCoAPSecureServer (5684) may run on the same device; see CoAP_Greenhouse.

.. code-block:: arduino

static void onHello(OThreadCoAPRequest &req, OThreadCoAPResponse &resp, void *ctx) {
    resp.setCode(OT_COAP_RESP_OK);
    resp.setPayload("Hello from CoAP!");
    resp.send();
}

OThreadCoAPServer.on("hello", OT_COAP_METHOD_GET, onHello);
OThreadCoAPServer.begin();

OThreadCoAP::plainServer() returns the same object as OThreadCoAPServer.

Common methods:

on(path, methodMask, handler, context) — register one handler per URI path. Pass nullptr for handler to unregister a path (Arduino WebServer uses a separate removeRoute(); CoAP keeps registration on on()). onNotFound(nullptr) disables the default handler.
onNotFound(handler) — default handler for unknown paths.
serve(path, String*) — read-only / read-write String resource sugar. Multicast requests are not answered (RFC 7252 §8.2), same as on() handlers.
setResourceValue(path, value) — update a serve()-backed value.
joinMulticastGroup(group) / leaveMulticastGroup(group) — receive requests sent to an IPv6 multicast group. joinMulticastGroup() requires a successful begin() first (returns false otherwise). Groups are left automatically on stop(), including after a failed stop() that cleared running. Full guide: :doc:Multicast guide <Multicasting>.

.. note::

One UDP port per device. OpenThread exposes a single plain CoAP UDP bind per instance (default 5683). OThreadCoAPServer and OThreadCoAPClient share it; a client using setPort() to a non-default port will fail if the server already holds the socket on another port.

Keep handlers short — they run on the OpenThread worker task, not in loop().

To serve a multicast resource, join the group after begin():

.. code-block:: arduino

const IPAddress LAMP_GROUP(IPv6, lampGroupBytes);  // ff03::abcd
OThreadCoAPServer.on("Lamp", OT_COAP_METHOD_GET | OT_COAP_METHOD_PUT, onLamp);
OThreadCoAPServer.begin();
OThreadCoAPServer.joinMulticastGroup(LAMP_GROUP);

Handler arguments:

OThreadCoAPRequest — path(), method(), payloadString(), isConfirmable(), isMulticast(), remoteIP().
OThreadCoAPResponse — setCode(), setPayload(), setContentFormat(), setLocation(path) (e.g. 201 Created + Location-Path), setMaxAge(seconds), send().

.. note::

Multicast requests are not auto-answered (RFC 7252 §8.2). Check req.isMulticast() and skip resp.send() for group commands so that many servers sharing a group do not all reply to the same datagram. An explicit resp.send() is still honored if you deliberately want to respond.

OThreadCoAPSecureClient / OThreadCoAPSecureServer

CoAP over DTLS. Connect once, then issue path-only requests (client) or register handlers (server). Requires OThreadCoAP::secureApiEnabled() == true at runtime (see build requirements above); otherwise secure classes return OT_COAP_ERROR_NOT_CONNECTED from begin() / connect().

One CoAPS session (client): only one OThreadCoAPSecureClient may be connect()\ ed at a time. A failed connect() (timeout, handshake error, or OT error) clears the session slot so the same client may retry.

Server vs client on one device: do not run OThreadCoAPSecureServer.begin() and OThreadCoAPSecureClient.connect() on the same node — OpenThread shares one CoAPS stack and credential set per instance. Each direction is rejected with a serial warning when the other role is active. Use plain OThreadCoAPServer plus OThreadCoAPSecureServer on a gateway and OThreadCoAPSecureClient on a peer (CoAP_Greenhouse / CoAP_Secure).

If OThreadCoAPSecureServer.stop() fails to acquire the OpenThread lock, the wrapper resets but CoAPS may still be active in the stack. In that state OThreadCoAPSecureClient.connect() remains blocked until you call OThreadCoAPSecureServer.begin() again (server recovery) or OThread.end().

The same lock-failure pattern applies to plain OThreadCoAPServer.stop(): the wrapper clears running but the CoAP UDP service may still be held in the stack. Call OThreadCoAPServer.begin() again to recover, or OThread.end(). If OThread.getInstance() is unavailable during stop() (e.g. stack not initialized), wrapper state is reset but service-held flags are preserved so a later begin() can retry.

OThreadCoAPServer.begin() and OThreadCoAPSecureServer.begin() return bool. Use if (OThreadCoAPServer) (operator bool()) to test whether the server wrapper considers itself running. If an idempotent begin() fails while the server is already running (resync / attach error), running is cleared, the plain UDP or CoAPS service is released, and operator bool() matches the return value. After OThread.end(), the next begin() uses the fresh-start path (not resync).

CoAPS server global: use the library singleton OThreadCoAPSecureServer (do not construct OThreadCoAPSecureServerClass). Register many paths with on() — pass nullptr for handler to unregister a path (same API as OThreadCoAPServer). OThreadCoAP::secureServer() returns the same instance.

.. code-block:: arduino

OThreadCoAPSecureClient client;
client.setPSK(psk, pskLen, "client1");
client.connect(serverIp);
client.setConfirmable(true);
client.setContentFormat(OT_COAP_FORMAT_JSON);
int code = client.PUT("fan/speed", "{\"speed\":75}");
client.disconnect();

OThreadCoAPSecureServer.setPSK(psk, pskLen, "server1");
OThreadCoAPSecureServer.on("status", OT_COAP_METHOD_GET, onStatus);
OThreadCoAPSecureServer.begin();

setTimeout() on the secure client caps how long blocking methods wait in the sketch only; OpenThread does not expose per-request TX tuning for CoAPS, so confirmable requests may keep retrying on the wire after OT_COAP_ERROR_TIMEOUT. setConnectTimeout(ms) caps the DTLS handshake wait during connect(). onConnectEvent(callback, context) fires on connect / disconnect events; connected() and isConnectionActive() report session state.

Plain and secure servers can run together on one device (5683 + 5684); register on() on each server separately. Reuse the same handler function on both servers when the resource logic is identical.

OThreadCoAPSecureServer scope (plain-only helpers): the secure server currently exposes credential setup, begin() / stop(), and on() only. These OThreadCoAPServer conveniences are not on the secure class:

onNotFound() — unknown-path handler.
serve() / setResourceValue() — String resource sugar.
joinMulticastGroup() / leaveMulticastGroup() — multicast group join.

For those patterns on a dual-transport device, use OThreadCoAPServer on port 5683 (telemetry / multicast) and OThreadCoAPSecureServer on 5684 (commands). Register the same C handler on both with separate on() calls, or use OThread.subscribeMulticast() at the stack level if you need multicast receive outside the plain CoAP server helper. See :doc:Multicast guide <Multicasting>.

OThreadCoAPResourceStore

REST collection helper for CRUD under a base path on OThreadCoAPServer only (not OThreadCoAPSecureServer):

.. code-block:: arduino

OThreadCoAPResourceStore notes;
OThreadCoAPServer.begin();
notes.attach(OThreadCoAPServer, "notes", 8);

Supports GET notes (list), GET notes/<id>, POST notes, PUT notes/<id>, DELETE notes/<id>.

Multicast requests to the store path are not answered (RFC 7252 §8.2), matching on() handlers and the Native light-switch pattern.

JSON responses are capped at OT_COAP_MAX_PAYLOAD (default 512 bytes). If the assembled body would exceed that limit, the store returns 5.00 Internal Server Error with a short JSON diagnostic instead of a truncated payload. Block-wise transfer (RFC 7959) is not implemented in Phase 1 — keep collections small or split data across items.

Methods (CoAP + programmatic):

attach(server, basePath, maxItems) — register CRUD handlers on server under basePath (plain server only). One store per server — returns false if another store is already attached.
onChange(callback, context) — optional hook after any mutation (CoAP traffic or sketch calls to create() / update() / remove()).
count(), getByIndex(index, out), getById(id, out) — read the in-memory collection from loop() or other tasks (not from CoAP handlers).
create(body, assignedId), update(id, body), remove(id) — mutate the store from sketch code; CoAP clients see the same data.

.. code-block:: arduino

notes.onChange([](const char *basePath, void *ctx) {
    (void)ctx;
    Serial.printf("Store '%s' changed (%u items)\n", basePath, (unsigned)notes.count());
}, nullptr);

Build-time tunables

Override on the compiler command line when needed:

Response and error constants

Common response codes (HTTP-like class*100+detail):

Blocking client methods return a code from the table above (≥ 0) or a negative OT_COAP_ERROR_* value. Use OThreadCoAP::errorToString(code) in logs.

OT_COAP_ERROR_NOT_ATTACHED means the device role is below Child. OT_COAP_ERROR_INVALID_STATE means the CoAP service or OT lock is not ready (for example stack stopped, port bind conflict, or lazy client start failed) — distinct from attachment.

Method masks for on():

OT_COAP_METHOD_GET, OT_COAP_METHOD_PUT, OT_COAP_METHOD_POST, OT_COAP_METHOD_DELETE — combine with |.

Request method values (compare with req.method()):

OT_COAP_REQ_GET, OT_COAP_REQ_PUT, OT_COAP_REQ_POST, OT_COAP_REQ_DELETE.

Content-Format codes

CoAP payloads carry an optional Content-Format option (RFC 7252 §12.3) with an IANA-registered numeric code. Set it on clients with client.setContentFormat(code) before PUT/POST (ignored when there is no payload). Set it on responses with resp.setContentFormat(code) before resp.send().

The Arduino wrapper defines OT_COAP_FORMAT_* constants that mirror otCoapOptionContentFormat in ESP-IDF coap.h. Any uint16_t IANA code is accepted; codes outside the table below still encode correctly on the wire.

+--------+--------------------------------------- | Code | Constant +========+======================================= | 0 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_TEXT | 16 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_ENCRYPT0 | 17 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_MAC0 | 18 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_SIGN1 | 40 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_LINK | 41 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_XML | 42 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_OCTET_STREAM | 47 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_EXI | 50 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_JSON | 51 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_JSON_PATCH | 52 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_MERGE_PATCH_JSON | 60 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_CBOR | 61 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_CWT | 96 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_ENCRYPT | 97 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_MAC | 98 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_SIGN | 101 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_KEY | 102 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COSE_KEY_SET | 110 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENML_JSON | 111 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENSML_JSON | 112 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENML_CBOR | 113 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENSML_CBOR | 114 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENML_EXI | 115 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENSML_EXI | 256 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_COAP_GROUP_JSON | 310 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENML_XML | 311 | OT_COAP_FORMAT_SENSML_XML +--------+--------------------------------------- -----+----------------------------------------------+ | Media type | =====+==============================================+ | text/plain; charset=utf-8 | | application/cose; cose-type=cose-encrypt0 | | application/cose; cose-type=cose-mac0 | | application/cose; cose-type=cose-sign1 | | application/link-format | | application/xml | | application/octet-stream | | application/exi | | application/json | | application/json-patch+json | | application/merge-patch+json | | application/cbor | | application/cwt | | application/cose; cose-type=cose-encrypt | | application/cose; cose-type=cose-mac | | application/cose; cose-type=cose-sign | | application/cose-key | | application/cose-key-set | | application/senml+json | | application/sensml+json | | application/senml+cbor | | application/sensml+cbor | | application/senml-exi | | application/sensml-exi | | application/coap-group+json | | application/senml+xml | | application/sensml+xml | -----+----------------------------------------------+

See also the IANA CoAP Content-Formats registry <https://www.iana.org/assignments/core-parameters/core-parameters.xhtml#content-formats>_.

Examples in this library:

CoAP_CRUD notes_client <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_CRUD/notes_client>_ — POST/PUT JSON bodies; client calls setContentFormat(OT_COAP_FORMAT_JSON); OThreadCoAPResourceStore answers with JSON via resp.setContentFormat().
CoAP_SimpleGet <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_SimpleGet>_ — text response; server uses the default OT_COAP_FORMAT_TEXT.
CoAP_Greenhouse <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_Greenhouse>_ — actuator PUT payloads are plain decimal strings; default text/plain is correct (no setContentFormat() needed).

.. note::

OT_COAP_RESP_* and OT_COAP_REQ_* are Arduino wrapper constants. OpenThread's C API uses OT_COAP_CODE_* in coap.h — do not redefine those names in sketches.

Native CoAP Examples

These examples live in the Native CoAP examples on GitHub <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP>_ (Native API, not CLI). They replace the older CLI CoAP demos on GitHub <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/CLI/COAP>_ with typed method calls.

.. _CoAP_SimpleGet: https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_SimpleGet .. _CoAP_Light_Switch: https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_Light_Switch .. _CoAP_Sensor: https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_Sensor .. _CoAP_CRUD: https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_CRUD .. _CoAP_Secure: https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_Secure .. _CoAP_Greenhouse: https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/CoAP_Greenhouse

See also the Native examples overview: Native README on GitHub <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/blob/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/README.md>_ and CoAP README on GitHub <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/blob/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/README.md>_.

Best Practices

Singleton servers: like WebServer on one port — use the globals OThreadCoAPServer and OThreadCoAPSecureServer, many on() paths each. Do not construct OThreadCoAPServerClass / OThreadCoAPSecureServerClass.
Attach before CoAP traffic: call OThreadCoAPServer.begin() and run client requests only after the device is attached (role ≥ Child).
After OThread.end(): call OThreadCoAPServer.begin() (and OThreadCoAPSecureServer.begin() if used) again on the new stack instance.
CoAPS role split: OThreadCoAPSecureServer.begin() and OThreadCoAPSecureClient.connect() must not run on the same device (each API rejects the other while active).
One path, one handler: OpenThread matches the first resource with an exact URI path; multiplex methods with methodMask and switch (req.method()).
CON vs NON: see :ref:coap_con_non and :ref:coap_multicast_con for protocol semantics, multicast/CON interaction, setConfirmable(), timeouts, and example mapping.
Security split: expose telemetry on plain CoAP; restrict commands to CoAPS when credentials matter.
Resource slots: each server instance supports up to OT_COAP_MAX_RESOURCES (default 4) on() paths. Exceeding the limit makes on() fail; unregister unused paths with on(path, mask, nullptr) or raise the limit at build time.
One UDP port (5683): plain OThreadCoAPServer and OThreadCoAPClient share a single CoAP UDP bind per device (library macro OT_COAP_DEFAULT_PORT). A plain client lazily starts the service on the first send if no server has begin() yet — call server.begin() first if you need a custom listen port. When the last OThreadCoAPClient object is destroyed, the client lazy-start hold on the shared service is released if no server still needs it. CoAPS uses port 5684 when enabled.
Do not use port 61631 for application resources — it is reserved for Thread internal TMF CoAP.

Advanced options (not in every example sketch)

.. code-block:: arduino

// Custom listen port — call before begin(); prefer server.begin() before clients
OThreadCoAPServer.setPort(5683);
OThreadCoAPServer.begin();

// RFC 7252 default retransmit profile before a short client timeout
OThreadCoAPClient client;
client.useDefaultCoapRetransmit();
client.setTimeout(3000);

// Drop multicast membership at runtime (pair with joinMulticastGroup)
OThreadCoAPServer.leaveMulticastGroup(IPAddress("ff03::abcd"));

See README.md <https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/blob/master/libraries/OpenThread/examples/Native/CoAP/README.md>_ and CoAP_Light_Switch/light/ for joinMulticastGroup() in context.